{"id":3363,"date":"2013-07-13T08:21:17","date_gmt":"2013-07-13T01:21:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3363"},"modified":"2013-07-13T08:21:17","modified_gmt":"2013-07-13T01:21:17","slug":"phu-nu-trong-cong-nghe-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3363","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Bill Gates hay Steve Jobs nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Bill v\u00e0 Steve, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c – Grace Murray Hopper (1906\u00a0\u2013 1992) v\u00ec b\u00e0 \u1ea5y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cB\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Grace Hopper h\u1ecdc to\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Yale danh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o l\u00fac c\u00f3n \u00edt ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Grace c\u0169ng gia nh\u1eadp H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u00edt ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef d\u00e1m v\u00e0o qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u00e0 \u1ea5y th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb9 (d\u01b0\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 8 kil\u00f4) b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0 b\u00e0 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u0129 quan h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecd cho b\u00e0 \u1ea5y th\u1eed. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y KH\u00d4NG CH\u1ec8 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n s\u0129 quan h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t M\u00c0 C\u00d2N t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p TH\u1ee8 NH\u1ea4T trong l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u1ea5y. Do d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 2, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf M\u0129 l\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c trong h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2, M\u0129 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 MARK 1 do nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh Howard Aiken. \u00d4ng Aiken c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n cho ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Grace Hopper t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf M\u0129. Sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho Remington Rand Company \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 UNIVAC. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ai tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cH\u1ecd b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ed1 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c l\u1ec7nh m\u00e1y, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u00e3 m\u01a1 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. Cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.\u201d<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u1ea1o ra tr\u00ecnh bi\u00ean d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u1ed1n kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef. Sau nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 COBOL. V\u00e0i n\u0103m sau, khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi coi COBOL l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kinh doanh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc, b\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 FORTRAN.<\/p>\n

COBOL v\u00e0 FORTRAN \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e3i t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 khi Pascal v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef C \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. Do \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 \u1ea5y, H\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7u khu tr\u1ee5c h\u1ea3i qu\u00e2n theo t\u00ean b\u00e0 \u1ea5y: \u201cThe USS Hopper\u201d. V\u1ec1 sau si\u00eau m\u00e1y t\u00ednh CRAY XE6 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean \u201cHopper.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Grace Hopper n\u00f3i: \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ec5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.” N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1eefa t\u1ed1i cho kh\u00e1ch. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n n\u00f3.\u201d Trong khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ecfi to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Hopper kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh, hay “logic t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t” \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e0 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f9a: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa n\u1ea5u \u0103n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Khi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u1ea5u \u0103n, anh ta n\u00e9m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0o n\u1ed3i v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u00edn. \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea5u n\u01b0\u1edbng theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u00ec c\u00f4 \u1ea5y bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau. C\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u00eam gia v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ngon h\u01a1n. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra cho l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i sau, anh ta s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i r\u1ed3i vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 r\u1ed3i s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. \u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4 \u1ea5y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft ra d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi cho t\u1edbi khi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. \u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi g\u00ec c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y lu\u00f4n v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i tin ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1c Grace Hopper v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Khi t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c l\u1edbp l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi n\u1eef sinh \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1ed9p ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong khi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xin th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i KH\u00d4NG hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 T\u1ea0I SAO ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u1ecdc khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? T\u1ea1i sao thanh n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y? Ng\u00e0y nay kh\u00f4ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n thu nh\u1eadp. C\u1ea3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7?<\/p>\n

Trong suy tho\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t cao. Khi t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, t\u00f4i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1eef. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n trong kinh doanh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4 \u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng Anh. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o cho n\u00ean c\u00f4 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ti\u1ec7m c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn du l\u1ecbch \u1edf Malaysia b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng trong ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn du l\u1ecbch. T\u00f4i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd: \u201cSao c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ec n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n?” T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t n\u1eef nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng trong c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u00f4i c\u00f3 con nh\u1ecf. Ch\u1ed3ng t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i cho n\u00ean c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d T\u00f4i b\u1ea3o c\u00f4 \u1ea5y: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y nay 35% nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1edf M\u0129 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u00e0, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua Internet. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 \u1edf nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eefa.\u201d C\u00f4 \u1ea5y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec c\u00f4 \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd. Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i tin ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Trong ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n.\u201d N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cung c\u1ea5p cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean trung h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o: \u201cC\u00e1c b\u1ea1n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00e1i g\u00ec?\u201d Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n. L\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—English version—<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Women in Technology<\/p>\n

Throughout the short history of the computer, people often talk about Bill Gates or Steve Jobs as heroes but few people know that before Bill and Steve, there was another hero – Grace Murray Hopper(1906\u00a0\u2013 1992) as she was often called \u201cThe Mother of Programmers\u201d.<\/p>\n

Grace Hopper studied mathematics and received a PhD from the prestigious Yale University at the time when few women even went to university. Grace also joined the Navy at the time when few women even dare to go to the military. Because she was short and too light (8 kilograms below the standard weight) she was told that she would never pass the physical requirements of the Navy officers and should go home. She insisted that they let her try. NOT ONLY she passed all physical requirements of the strict Navy officers\u2019 training BUT ALSO graduated FIRST in her class. Due to her courage and bravely during World War 2, she became the first woman in the U.S. to achieve the Admiral status in the Navy.<\/p>\n

During Work War 2, the U.S. developed the first electronic computer called the MARK 1 by inventor Howard Aiken. Mr. Aiken needed an assistant to develop algorithms for its program. Grace Hopper volunteered and became the first woman programmer in the U.S. After the War, she worked for Remington Rand Company to build another computer called the UNIVAC. She created a compiler for this computer, the first computer compiler in the world, at the time nobody would believe that it could be done. She explained: \u201cThey told me that computer can only do number calculation using machine instructions, no one would even dream that you can have it programmed to do something else. So I build a compiler to do that.\u201d<\/p>\n

After created the first compiler, she did not stop there. She thought about how to develop an easier programming language than the current difficult to learn Assembly language. After a lot of research, she created the first modern programming language called COBOL. Few years later, when people considered COBOL was good for business but not scientific applications, she worked with other scientists to create another programming language called FORTRAN.<\/p>\n

COBOL and FORTRAN were the two most popular programming languages in the world until late 1980s when Pascal and C languages were created. Due to her significant contribution, the U.S. Navy named a Navy destroyer ship after her: \u201cThe USS Hopper\u201d. Later the super computer CRAY XE6 was also named \u201cHopper.\u201d<\/p>\n

In an interview with newspapers, Admiral Grace Hopper said: \u201cStudying computer is easy, especially for women, because they are better organized and always think ahead. In software development, we call it \u201cThe Software Process\u201d. It is just like planning a dinner for guest. You have to plan ahead and schedule everything so it is ready when you need it.\u201d While people often think computer is about mathematic and you must be good in math to study computer science, Admiral Hopper disagreed because computer work is about process, or a \u201clogical step-by-step\u201d to do something. She joked: \u201cThere is no difference between cooking and programming. When a man cooks, he throws everything into a pot and hope that it will be fine. A woman does it differently as she knows which one should be cook first and which ones would be added later. She also knows how to add seasoning to make it tastes better. The same thing happens to programming. A man would code first and debug later, he will continue to fix and code then code then fix. A woman would always wanted to understand the requirements first then designs each function carefully before she even write the first line of code. If she does not understand something, she would ask until everything is clear. A man often does not ask anything but jumps into coding. That is why I believe women would be much better in programming works.\u201d<\/p>\n

As a Computer Science professor at Carnegie Mellon, I agreed with Admiral Grace Hopper\u2019s view of women in computer. When I taught programming classes, almost all women students turned their programs in on time and with high quality when other students often asked for extra time to finish their code as they all have too many defects. What I do NOT understand is WHY only few women study computer science or software engineering? Why young women are not choosing these fields? Today no family can do well with just one income. Both husband and wife must work and what career would be better for women than science, engineering and technology?<\/p>\n

During this global economy recession it is difficult to find a job but at the same time, many companies could not find enough workers with computer skills. The entire software industry is facing a shortage of programmers, systems designers, and systems analysts, jobs that pay very high salary. When I taught in Asia, I was surprised at certain jobs that educated women held. A receptionist in China told me that she has a bachelor degree in business but could only find job in hotel because she speaks English. A restaurant waitress in Japan told me that she has a Master degree in clothing design but could not find any suitable job so she has to work in the coffee shop. A tourist guide in Malaysia told me that she has degree in architect but could only find work as a guide. I asked them: \u201cWhy don\u2019t you study computer or software because it offers better opportunities and higher salary? They all seemed surprised as no one told them about that. A saleswoman in a clothing store told me: \u201cI have young children. My husband works in the day; I work in the evening so both of us can look after our children.\u201d I told her: \u201cIf you have a computer degree, you could work at home. Today 35% of software programmers in the U.S are working at home, connected to their companies via the Internet. There are many programmers from India and China who work for U.S. companies at their home in their own country too.\u201d She was surprised because she did not know that.<\/p>\n

It seems to me that women have not yet entered into computer science in significant numbers because they do NOT have enough information about this career. If they know about this opportunity as well as their options, they may change their mind. Computer science, Software Engineering and Information System Management are areas that I believe women would do very well. In this career, women would be accepted as \u201cprofessionals.\u201d In other words, unlike other traditionally women professions, technology offers women a total control of their careers with good salaries and advancement driven by their intellectual aspiration.<\/p>\n

My question to high school students who have not decided on which career to chose: \u201cWhat are you waiting for?\u201d The technology industry needs you. Make it happens.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Bill Gates hay Steve Jobs nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh h\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3363","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cac-van-de-khac"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3363","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3363"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3363\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3365,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3363\/revisions\/3365"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3363"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3363"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3363"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}