{"id":333,"date":"2013-06-18T22:30:32","date_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:30:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=333"},"modified":"2013-06-18T22:30:32","modified_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:30:32","slug":"tien-hoa-cua-cac-li-thuyet-quan-li","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=333","title":{"rendered":"Ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i “Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.” N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p hay m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mong mu\u1ed1n. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi x\u01b0a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai nh\u00f3m: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed (ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf v\u00e0 quan l\u1ea1i) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n (c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7). Trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng khi ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. S\u1ee3 h\u00e3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n khi qui t\u1eafc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f9 \u0111\u1ea7y hay ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18, khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Adam Smith \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft cung v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y nay. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, Frederick Taylor \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng. Tri th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00ec h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n cho t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Max Weber \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3 th\u00eam n\u1eefa th\u00e0nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac quan li\u00eau nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, c\u1ea5p trung v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p v\u1edbi d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng. L\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Qui t\u1eafc l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.\u201d<\/p>\n

Khi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng\u00a0 quan s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf m\u1ecdi m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng. V\u00ec c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t; h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ra l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ea7y k\u00e8m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia sang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ea1nh tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o g\u1ea7y, C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v.v. T\u1eebng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nhanh c\u1ee7a l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. Ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The evolution of management theories<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

If you go to a bookstore today, you probably find several hundred book titles under the \u201cManagement\u201d category. If you go to any university, you probably find that most management classes are full. It seems that everyone is obsessed with the issue of management.<\/p>\n

Management can be defined as simple as the organizing and controlling of a business or an organization. It can also be called the act of getting people working together to accomplish desired goals. Basically management is getting works done through other people. In the old days, society was mostly divided into two groups: The managers (the emperors and feudal officers) and the workers (labor workers and slaves). In these agricultural societies, most workers labored in the fields as emperors rules the lands. Fear was the way to manage workers as management rules were set by emperors and disobey means prison or death.<\/p>\n

In the 18th century, as industries began to change society, many people moved to cities to work in factories since they get paid more. Adam Smith organized management into theories of supply and demand, owners and workers, productivity and pricing. These fundamental concepts of economics are still being taught in schools today. His theory was further developed by other economists into management principles such as work planning, cost computations, quality control and standardization.<\/p>\n

In the early 20th century, Frederick Taylor applied scientific principles into management practices to improve performance of workers in factories. Knowledge belongs to management as they set up standard methods for each job and workers were trained to follow these methods according to their roles. Max Weber developed it further into a bureaucratic structure of top, middle and lower level managers with a top down chain of command. Wages were organized according to several levels based on organization structure. The rule was simple: \u201cManagers manage, Workers work\u201d<\/p>\n

As business operations become more complex, management began to focus on issues such as increasing productivity and quality by observation of production operations. They recognized that knowledge was no longer belonging to management but workers at all levels could make valuable contributions. A new concept of modern management was established with strategy formulation, planning, staffing, motivating, coordinating resources and controlling performance.<\/p>\n

With the increasing use of technologies and the transition from the industrial age to the information age, management began to pay more attention to knowledge and skills issues. Since workers are highly educated and well trained; management focus was turned into coaching, counseling, motivating, and facilitate business growth opportunities. Managers were no longer giving orders but became mentors and coaches. Communication and participation in motivating employees were recognized as key management principles.<\/p>\n

The changing of business from local and national to globalized operations required more management changes. With increasing global competition, more management theories were developed such as Total Quality Management, Lean Manufacturing, Process Improvement, Capacity Maturity Models, Supply Chain Management and Customer Relationship Management etc. Each theory focuses on specific areas as no theory can claim to be appropriate in all types of businesses.<\/p>\n

These management theories can help managers understand different aspects in businesses but the proliferation of theories can also cause confusion. Today managers need to be selective by identifying and focusing on an approach that is best suited to their business.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i tr\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u s\u00e1ch d\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i “Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.” N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-333","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-he-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=333"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":335,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/333\/revisions\/335"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=333"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=333"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=333"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}