{"id":3300,"date":"2013-07-09T00:01:26","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T17:01:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3300"},"modified":"2013-07-09T00:01:26","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T17:01:26","slug":"ki-nghe-phan-mem-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3300","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y. B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. V\u00ec ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c nhau xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Sinh vi\u00ean d\u00e0nh ba t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u00ednh to\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd \u0111i l\u00e0m, h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm qu\u00e3ng 20% n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u kh\u00f4ng thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u00eam n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n<p>Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cung c\u1ea5p cho sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qua vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i, \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng l\u1ec7nh, t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1c thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong m\u1ecdi nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<p>X\u00e9t n\u00f3 trong to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111em l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5. Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ec3u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111ang gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed Qui tr\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ed3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sau.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean g\u1ee3i \u00fd v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng.<\/li>\n<li>Khi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i sai, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda qui tr\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u00edch cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ed3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qui tr\u00ecnh\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh<\/li>\n<li>Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o chu\u1ea9n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n (h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng th\u00e1ng). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu trong qui tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed5 t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 (Kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh) l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t&#8221;, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng k\u00e9m &#8212; hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng k\u00e9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n th\u00eam. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i g\u1ee3i \u00fd vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t. Thay v\u00ec s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng &#8220;tho\u00e1t&#8221; l\u1ed7i qua c\u00e1c pha qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Software Engineering<\/p>\n<p>Software Engineering is a discipline where engineers follow a well-defined process to do their works. They establish quality goals, define methods they will use, measure their work, analyze the results, and adjust their methods to better meet customer requirements. The basic idea is that if you want a quality product, you must have a quality process that creates the product. Software Engineering discipline is not new but it is not taught in many universities because it requires that people who teach it must have process knowledge from industry. Since most professors do not work in industry, or receive training in business process, they do not want to teach it.<\/p>\n<p>Today most universities only teach people to be programmers with different languages as their tools. Students spent three to four years learning computing languages but when they go to work, they find that the development of software products is a process where programming is only about 20% of the efforts that means they can only do a small part of the total product development. This explains why most large companies in the U.S and Europe do not hire people with Computer Science major anymore.<\/p>\n<p>Software Engineering program provide students with the training necessary to engineer the software process through use of techniques, establishing the best methods for defining requirements, data collection, defect prevention, metrics, estimating lines of code, total cost of quality and other techniques that would assist the engineer in developing quality software product. The terms process and process management are now firmly established in every major business but many people still do not understand about the real meaning and important of these terms.<\/p>\n<p>To put it in perspective, a business process is an organized group of related activities that together create a product or a service that bring business value. A software process is a set of activities that when effectively integrated will resulting in a quality software product or services that meet customer\u2019s expectation. Processes represent a new perspective on organization\u2019s work. They create an outward focus because it directed toward meeting a business outcomes such as meeting what customer want. By following a process, software engineers understand the effects of their own activities on others and on the customer. They work with an appreciation of the process of which they are a part, for the result they are helping to produce, and for the customer for whom they are producing it. They take responsibility for the outcomes; they do what the situation requires rather than what the boss has told them.<\/p>\n<p>To manage software engineer effectively, a good manager need to understand the basic concept of Process Management:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining the process first, then the project structure later.<\/li>\n<li>Encouraging discussion on processes and encourage suggestion for process change from the people who follow the process, because they know what works and what does not work.<\/li>\n<li>When thing go wrong, focusing on fixing the process, not blaming the people because they only follow the process.<\/li>\n<li>Set goals for product quality and project performance then managing the process to get the desired results.<\/li>\n<li>Focusing on defect prevention by causal analysis and process revision<\/li>\n<li>Conduct weekly project management review of project metrics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Senior managers must review project performance using standard metrics on a periodic basis (Weekly and Monthly). All managers must understand the metrics and expect to see them. Problems are always attributed to weaknesses in the process, not blamed on individual performance. Nonconformance (Not follow the process) is &#8220;punishable&#8221;, but not poor performance &#8212; poor performance is seen as a skill problem, requiring additional training. All individuals are expected to suggest process improvements and contribution to process improvement is an important criterion for promotion. Instead of fixing defect, we must focus on defect prevention. Defect prevention techniques focus on eliminating defect &#8220;escape&#8221; paths through the process phases.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3300","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3300"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3301,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3300\/revisions\/3301"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3300"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3300"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}