{"id":3296,"date":"2013-07-08T23:57:17","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3296"},"modified":"2013-07-08T23:57:17","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:57:17","slug":"su-phan-chia-cong-nhan-cong-nghe-lon-lao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3296","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1edbn lao"},"content":{"rendered":"

1\/2008<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ea5m b\u1eb1ng c\u1eed nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, Rennie Sawade c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/span> Nh\u01b0ng anh ta ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng 5 th\u00e1ng m\u00e0 anh ta hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf Seattle. T\u1ea1i Microsof c\u00f4ng ty n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1,anh ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea. Sau nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n xin ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, anh ta n\u00f3i “T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc”.<\/p>\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng h\u00e0nh dinh Microsoft, Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Kevin Schofield than phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Schofield l\u00e0 \u0111i thu\u00ea c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 Google, IBM, Yahoo!, v\u00e0 SAP. \u00d4ng ta n\u00f3i Microsoft \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thu\u00ea kho\u1ea3ng 30,000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u1edf M\u0129, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u0129 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00ean c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh visa t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi H1B r\u1ed3i c\u1ea5p th\u1ebb xanh v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Sawade v\u00e0 Schofield l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean l\u00e0n ranh trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 M\u0129 n\u00f3i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai ph\u00eda. Bill Gates, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Microsoft, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u1edf Washington r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng ta “lo l\u1eafng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc” v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a M\u0129, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa “\u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.”<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t,” nh\u01b0ng thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng lai c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, trong k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u1edf M\u0129 l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n 25% k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m it g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i khit\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 5.4% xu\u1ed1ng 1.8% theo S\u1edf th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea9y n\u0103m qua. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c. Khi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin trong n\u0103m qua l\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1ng. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u0103ng l\u00ean h\u01a1n 50% t\u1eeb 2001. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh – lo\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t- li\u00ean t\u1ee5c r\u1edbt v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng 296,020 trong n\u0103m ngo\u00e0i, so v\u1edbi 830,730 trong n\u0103m 2000.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Schofield c\u1ee7a Microsoft n\u00f3i c\u00f4ng ti \u00f4ng \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ebd thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. Microsoft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh visa H-1B \u0111em c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o. H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n H-1B c\u1ee7a Microsoft l\u00e0 USD $82,500, m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c. Microsoft hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng trong n\u0103m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; k\u0129 s\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c cao; ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0, v\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba ho\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng Microsoft kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 hay chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng trong v\u00e0i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Schofield lo l\u1eafng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i M\u0129 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1 visa H-1B h\u00e0ng n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ed1 th\u1ebb xanh, th\u00ec Microsoft s\u1ebd .ph\u1ea3i kho\u00e1n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ra ngo\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Microsoft, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Intel, Texas Instruments, Motorola, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c, \u0111ang th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5p visa H-1B l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o M\u0129.<\/p>\n

Schofield c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n. Con s\u1ed1 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u1ec9 ro s\u1ef1 suy gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 sinh s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u0129 v\u00e0 \u00f4ng lo vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n l\u00f9ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n. “\u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh s\u1ebd t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n.” B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u visa v\u00e0 th\u1ebb xanh, Microsoft \u0111ang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111ang h\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a M\u0129 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t. Schofield n\u00f3i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Microsoft, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Bill Gates, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1edbi th\u0103m c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. “Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i g\u1eedi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o,” Schofield n\u00f3i. “C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo h\u1ecdc l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.”<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The Great Tech Worker Divide<\/p>\n

Jan 2008<\/p>\n

With a B.S. in Computer Science, Rennie Sawade would appear to be a strong candidate for a job as a software developer. But he can find only short-term, temporary jobs-like the 5-month contract he’s currently on at a Seattle company. At Microsoft, the most prominent employer in town, he’s had interviews but not hired. After several failed attempts, he’s given up “I feel like my time is being wasted,” he says.<\/p>\n

Just across town at Microsoft headquarters, Kevin Schofield is grappling with what he calls a severe shortage of qualified workers. Schofield’s job is to hire more workers to stay ahead of rivals like Google, IBM, Yahoo!, and SAP. He says Microsoft is desperate to fill 30,000 jobs in the U.S., and there are so few Americans with the specialized skills
\nrequired so the company must bring in workers from overseas on temporary visas and permanent green cards. “There just aren’t enough skilled people,” says Schofield.<\/p>\n

Sawade and Schofield’s contradictory viewpoints highlight a deepening fault line in the software industry. While American tech companies say they can’t find enough qualified people, many tech workers say there aren’t enough jobs. The frustration is growing on both sides. Bill Gates, Microsoft’s founder and chairman, testified in Washington that he feels “deep anxiety” over the competitiveness of the U.S. and says that the country needs to do more “to attract and retain the brightest, most talented people from around the world.”<\/p>\n

The distinction is crucial. There is no single “tech job market,” but rather a collection of markets for workers with different kinds of skills. There may be shortages for certain kinds of skilled workers, but there are too many with other skills. For example, demand for software engineering job, the people who architect, design systems is surging. But the number of programming jobs in the U.S. has tumbled more than 25% since 2000.<\/p>\n

From the outside, it would seem tech workers should have little trouble finding jobs. The unemployment rate for computer-related occupations has dropped steadily, from 5.4% to the 1.8% according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The total number of such jobs is higher than at any point in the last seven years. The type of jobs being created, however, is shifting dramatically. As more technical jobs like programming are outsourced, new opportunities in the U.S. require additional or more specialized skills. The biggest job gains in information technology in the past year have been for Software engineers, Project managers, System architect, and Network systems analysts. Software management jobs are up more than 50% since 2001. Meanwhile, programmers -the easiest categories to outsource-continue to shed positions. Programmer employment tumbled to 296,020 last year, from 830,730 in 2000.<\/p>\n

Microsoft’s Schofield says his company needs more software engineers not programmers and will hire more people from oversea. Microsoft is one of the most active American companies in the H-1B visa program that bring workers from other countries. Government records show that the median salary for Microsoft’s H-1B workers was USD $82,500, typically at the prevailing wage for similar positions in others. Microsoft is currently seeking employees in five main areas: Software architects, who design complex software; Research engineers, who research advanced software design and theory; Enterprise architects, who design large-scale projects at the highest levels; Project managers, who lead teams of engineers, and Localization software engineers, who customize software for foreign languages but Microsoft is not looking for programmers who only code or specialize in few computer languages. Schofield is concerned that if U.S Congress does not offer relief by raising the annual cap on H-1B visas and boosting the number of green cards, Microsoft will have to outsource more overseas. Microsoft, along with Intel, Texas Instruments, Motorola, and others, has been pushing for the H-1B cap to be raised to higher levels so they can bring more workers to the U.S.<\/p>\n

Schofield feels the shortages may get worse. Statistics show declining birthrate and he is worried the hunt for talent will only get harder.\u00a0 “There is already huge competition for people with really deep skills, and it will only get worse.”. In addition to advocating for more visas and green cards, Microsoft is trying to boost enrollment in software engineering degree programs and help U.S. mid-career workers update their skills, especially in the most needed areas. Schofield says Microsoft representatives, including Bill Gates himself, are visiting schools and colleges in an attempt to promote better software engineering training. “We’re sending the message that this is a vibrant industry doing creative things,” says Schofield. “Exciting things are happening, and individuals can have a real, lasting impact in this filed.”<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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