{"id":3284,"date":"2013-07-08T23:38:28","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:38:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3284"},"modified":"2013-07-08T23:38:28","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:38:28","slug":"muc-dich-cua-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3284","title":{"rendered":"M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u1edf ngay l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 ba m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh: Chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt l\u1ed7i\u00a0 (ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao). Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 ba m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y n\u00ean t\u00f4i khuy\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m theo \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung thay v\u00ec d\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u1ed5i. Ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng xem \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean t\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n sau: Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n ba tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ch\u1ecdn chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u00eam v\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eady b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 cho d\u00f9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao?<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng\u00a0 cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd: C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n s\u1eeda t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng, hay ch\u1ec9 s\u1eeda nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao? M\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng hay ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao? V\u00e0 ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng? Khi c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi – b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh cao \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u01b0u th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c (Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Microsoft ch\u1ecdn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y b\u1edfi v\u00ec khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 hay c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd s\u1eeda sau).<\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00e0o th\u00ec h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project Goals<\/p>\n

Most software engineers want their project to be successful but do not know how. One technique that I teach them is to define a priority goal at the start of the project and continually review the progress toward the goal during the project.<\/p>\n

Typically, software project have three common goals: Deliver the product on time, complete all required functions, and have low defects (High quality). In my experience, it is difficult to meet all three goals so I advise people to identify one as the top priority to work on. This will help them to stay focus rather than spend too much effort on something they can not control. To deliver what the customer considers the most important is what success means to software project and in order to do that, project manager must ask the customer which is the highest priority.<\/p>\n

Many people do not agree with me that they have one top priority so let me explain this in a simple case study: Assume that its is three weeks before the scheduled delivery date but the defect count is high and the last function is not quite finished yet. What would you do? If you decide to deliver the software at the scheduled date then do you think the customer is happy with the unfinished product and high defect count? If you choose to deliver the product as soon as all functions are completed then do you think the customer is happy when the product is late although it meets all functionality? If you decide to add few more weeks to fix all the defects and functionality then do you think the customer would be happy if the delivery is late even the product has high quality?<\/p>\n

The main idea here is the success of software project is a perception dictated by the customer so you must ask the customer. Communication is very important in software business and it is important to ask them: Do all defects need to be fixed, or are there critical defects to be fixed before the delivery date? Do all the proposed functions need to be completed, or are there most important ones that need to be implemented before the delivery date? And is the delivery date depending on those particular functions? When prioritization is unclear, it’s time to ask questions-because when project priorities change, everything changes. The key to project success is to recognize which goal is the top priority from the customer point of view.<\/p>\n

Most university professors only teach students that the successful factor is low defects (high quality) and focus on teaching more testing. Although quality is important but I think it is not adequate to define project success based on quality alone. Today we are living in a highly competitive market, sometime to have the product on the market first is a strategic advantage (For example Microsoft chooses this strategy because when they put a new product on the market, they want to capture the entire market so no one can create a similar product or compete with them, although the product still have defects but they fix defects later).<\/p>\n

In the market economy, customers will buy the first products available on the market because they like the new technology and want to get their hands on it.\u00a0 As long as the product does something well, they will be happy. As long as the defects do not get in the way they can live with a few smaller defects.<\/p>\n

My conclusion on software success is the ability to ask the customer which goal is the top priority then makes plan to achieve it.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3284"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3286,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3284\/revisions\/3286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}