{"id":3271,"date":"2013-07-08T23:18:32","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:18:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3271"},"modified":"2013-07-08T23:18:32","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:18:32","slug":"thanh-cong-cua-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3271","title":{"rendered":"Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">Ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho nh\u1eefng qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Trong 40 n\u0103m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sai, thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i tin vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 T\u1ea0O KH\u1ea2 N\u0102NG cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang; l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ra \u0111i, v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u01b0a th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh. Khi m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cao, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhau, v\u00e0 g\u1eafn m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb d\u1eabn l\u00e1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u1ea5u trong con m\u1eaft b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a anh ta. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u1ea5u trong ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3.<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin g\u00e2y ra h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin sai. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u\u00a0 c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ra c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb h\u1ecd, c\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh \u0111o n\u00f3, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u1edf trong ph\u1ea1m vi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd coi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 c\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00fang hay ch\u01b0a.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u trong th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch &#8220;t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n,&#8221; t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i trong gh\u1ebf t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng &#8220;t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.&#8221; L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 &#8220;Do y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 10 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y, ba l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n cho t\u1edbi khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong &#8221; th\u1ebf th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh 20% tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1\/07\/ 2008.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00eam 10% khi so v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7\/2007.<\/li>\n<li>T\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh tr\u00ean 40 gi\u1edd) l\u00ean 10% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd tr\u1edf \u0111i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>H\u00e3y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ecd th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Success of Software Projects<\/p>\n<p>There are three important key factors that can determine the successful of software project: People, Process, and Tools.<\/p>\n<p>Software project needs processes to accomplish development works and tools to support these processes but it is people that do the work by following these processes and using these tools. Therefore, people are responsible for the success or failure of the project.<\/p>\n<p>As project manager, you must keep the people factor in mind. Most problems in software project are people issues not technical. In my 40 years of managing software projects, I never see a project failed because engineers can not program or design, they are all trained to do that, but failed because wrong estimates, changes in requirements, or not well planned schedule.<\/p>\n<p>I believe the project manager&#8217;s role is NOT to make people work but to MAKE IT POSSIBLE for people to work. A good manager will hire the right people; make them happy so they don&#8217;t want to leave, and supporting them by creating a favorable work environment so they can do their best. When a group of people share the same goal and form a highly motivated team, the entire work environment will change. In a team, interactions are everything and that is why people like to work together, support one another, and put all efforts into works to overcome obstacles.<\/p>\n<p>A person&#8217;s behavior is determined by beliefs and values. Beliefs are formed from previous experiences and information received. Values are what an individual considers important. Beliefs combined with values drive the actions of each individual. For example, an engineer may not like code review because he believes that he may look bad in front of his friends because review may identify more of his defects.\u00a0 Probably few years ago, he may have bad experience during a code review.<\/p>\n<p>To influence the behavior of an individual, a good manager must understand the values and beliefs that are causing the behavior of a person then if needed; help correct any beliefs that are based upon false information. A good manager must help people understand priorities by setting up project goals and communicate them clearly to the project team.<\/p>\n<p>From my own experiences, goals that are simple and well written are more likely to get achieved. Manager must let project team know what do he wants from them, how does he measure it, and by what time. It is important that goals are achievable, that mean they are within the control of the team, otherwise they think the goals are impossible and not doing anything about it.\u00a0 There must be an objective way to verify the achievement of the goals. Otherwise the team would have no way to tell that it had actually reached them or not.<\/p>\n<p>I have seen people making mistake by setting goals that are stated in the future tense and let people think they are wishful thinking. For example, with the goal &#8220;I will work more,&#8221; I can consider the goal reached even if no action is taken, because I can sit in my chair and tell myself that &#8220;I will work more.&#8221; Notice that because of the future tense, the statement is true because it doe not have to happen today.<\/p>\n<p>However, if the goal is &#8220;Due to customer \u2018s requirements and critical business issue, People must work 10 hours per day, three times a week until the project is done&#8221; then people can not ignore it and tries to make it true. Goals also need to have a date in order to be effective.<\/p>\n<p>Examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduce code defects 20% by July 1, 2008.<\/li>\n<li>Improve planning 10% more accurate as compared with last year data in July 2007.<\/li>\n<li>Increase productivity for coding (lines of code per 40 hours) by 10% each year from now on.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Be sure to keep a balanced on people, process, and tools. If you can not help people to work as a team and do their best then you will not succeed and your project will fail.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3271","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3271"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3271\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3273,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3271\/revisions\/3273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}