{"id":3256,"date":"2013-07-08T23:05:12","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:05:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3256"},"modified":"2013-07-08T23:05:12","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T16:05:12","slug":"cai-tien-qui-trinh-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3256","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecd l\u00e0m hay t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. V\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh x\u1eed kh\u00e1c \u0111i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00e0i g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00edch:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/li>\n
  2. C\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd m\u1ed7i l\u00fac l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ecf th\u00f4i. \u0110\u1eebng c\u1ed1 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 \u201cL\u1ea5y CMMI m\u1ee9c 5\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7t ra tuy\u1ebfn s\u1edf s\u1edf. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n
  3. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t \u00fd hay l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ra.<\/li>\n
  4. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, gi\u1eef n\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m (tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tu\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n
  5. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y qua b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o v\u00e0 n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm bao l\u00e2u.<\/li>\n
  6. L\u00e0m v\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u th\u1ef1c, tuy\u00ean d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u1edf ngo\u00e0i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e0 n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n
  7. Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. \u00cdch l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1edbi t\u1eeb v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1eebng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u1edb c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cL\u00e0m sao \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c voi?\u201d \u0110\u00e1p: \u201cB\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u mi\u1ebfng nh\u1ecf\u201d.<\/li>\n
  8. Nh\u1edb cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o l\u00e0m. Th\u1eed \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn r\u1ed3i tinh l\u1ecdc n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hay n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. H\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng t\u1eeb \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, cho n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n
  9. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, h\u00e3y \u0111i t\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ho\u1eb7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n
  10. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. B\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd n\u00f3i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i hay ng\u1eaft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eebng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng, v\u1edbi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc th\u00ec ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    —-English version—–<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Question:<\/p>\n

    Can you advise on how to succeed in software process improvement?<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Answer:<\/p>\n

    The first step in effective process improvement is changing the behavior of the managers and developers. As software engineer, you can support the change but real change only happens when manager adopt a new attitude toward improvement.<\/p>\n

    The question is how to get software developers to do things that do not directly relate to the delivery of software products? This is a difficult problem for many reasons. First, developers are always busy. Second, they may not understand what you want them to do or why. And third, they may not believe that what you suggest will help them do their jobs.<\/p>\n

    Therefore, the most important thing is to get management to behave differently. This is why we need to explain to the management the risks of not improving so they can realize the urgency. If they are willing to live with the consequences of a chaotic process and the risks, then nothing will change.<\/p>\n

    Here are some suggestions that you may find useful:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Make sure that management recognizes that process improvement is their responsibility. If the developers do not participate in or actively support process improvement, it will not happen.<\/li>\n
    2. Get an agreement from management on a few critical actions to accomplish first. I suggest one small change at a time. Do not try to do something as vague and meaningless as \u201cGetting to CMMI level 5\u201d. To make progress, you need to focus on something useful, practical, such as software inspections to remove defects. This action is measurable if you set a baseline first. You must collect number of post-released defects and number of defects found during product inspection.<\/li>\n
    3. You need to make sure that everybody knows their responsibilities. It would be a good idea to get these in writing.<\/li>\n
    4. Establish an operational plan, keep it simple and with checkpoints (Weekly status) and resources identify clearly.<\/li>\n
    5. Demonstrate what is involved in getting just one change accomplished. You can do this with progress report to management and make sure to include a schedule and resources commitments. These will help everybody realizes what is involved and how long does it take<\/li>\n
    6. Make a big deal out of success. Periodically identify real achievements, credit the people responsible by name, and publicize their accomplishment. However, you must be humble and stay out of the recognition process, your job is to coordinate improvement and make it happens. This will build enthusiasm among developers and demonstrate progress. Once the momentum is going, it is hard to stop and you will be well on your way.<\/li>\n
    7. The key to process improvement is making a lot of small and simple process changes. The major benefits from most changes come from a few actions. Do not make big change, you will not be successful. Remember the question \u201cHow does one eat an elephant?\u201d Answer: \u201cBy several small pieces\u201d.<\/li>\n
    8. Remember to provide just enough information so people know what to do and when. Try it in small project, get some feedback from project people who use the improve process then refine it based on results. You probably have to train people and will certainly have to help them get started because improvement is a learning process. You will learn a great deal more from implementing changes than from planning or talking about it. Learn from practice not opinion, so before having others to change, you must change yourself first.<\/li>\n
    9. If management does not assign developer to work on improvement tasks, go to the senior management and make it clear that without the participating of developers, process improvement is a waste of time and money. Under these conditions, either senior management must step in and helps, or you will have to look for a job elsewhere.<\/li>\n
    10. If senior management refuses to handle the problem, they are not truly convinced of the need for improvement. Regardless of what they say, you need to stop or discontinue the effort until you have their attention. Do not waste your time. The idea is to get one quick success, with solid improvement data then the rest will fall into places. Remember, change takes time\u00a0 and you must have patience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

       <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      H\u1ecfi: Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?   \u0110\u00e1p: B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3256","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3256"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3257,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3256\/revisions\/3257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3256"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3256"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3256"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}