{"id":3212,"date":"2013-07-08T22:24:38","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T15:24:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3212"},"modified":"2013-07-08T22:24:38","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T15:24:38","slug":"kinh-te-tri-thuc-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3212","title":{"rendered":"Kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c-5"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u1eabn l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 trong mi\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i c\u00f3 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n l\u00e0m sinh ra tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Stanford, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i sinh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean Thung l\u0169ng Silicon. \u0110\u1ee9a con \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti do hai sinh vi\u00ean Stanford s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp, William Hewlett and David Packard v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1937. Ng\u00e0y nay Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u01a1n ba ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng ti, h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung cao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01a1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfp theo Thung l\u0169ng Silicon l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao d\u1ecdc \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng 128 g\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Massachusetts (MIT) \u1edf Boston. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc\u201d v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u1edfi nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti t\u1ee5 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i\u00a0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1eafn tri th\u1ee9c, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 60 v\u00e0 70, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u (Anh, \u0110\u1ee9c, Ph\u00e1p, Ph\u1ea7n Lan v\u00e0 Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n) nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o danh s\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, Brazil, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Australia, Canada, Singapore, Israel, v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. C\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i cho canh t\u00e2n, s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tri th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201ctrung t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao\u201d qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t: 1) H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u t\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra\u00a0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan; 2) S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (R&D) v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 3) K\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (ICT) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ee3p l\u00ed \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i) k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 b\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng cho Internet. \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ba d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. C\u00f3 1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i cho 2000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, 1 cho 250 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 1.2 cho 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Internet, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh. C\u00f3 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng Internet tr\u00ean 5000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, so v\u1edbi 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tr\u00ean 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u0129. S\u1ed1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh tr\u00ean 1000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u00edt h\u01a1n 1 \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, 22 \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, 38 \u1edf Nam M\u0129, 172 \u1edf Singapore v\u00e0 348 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y hay l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng gi\u1eefa \u201cC\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u201d r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng, th\u00edch nghi, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd v\u1eabn m\u1ea5t s\u1ee9c mua c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t \u0111i kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00a0ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: \u201cV\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, k\u1ebb nhanh nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd th\u1eafng k\u1ebb ch\u1eadm, v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00edch nghi nhanh ch\u00f3ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.\u201d<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cC\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d hay c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c (UNDP) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra Ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (TAI) \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p so s\u00e1nh th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 canh t\u00e2n. TAI l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n

1) T\u1ea1o ra c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t minh theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1 l\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/p>\n

2) Ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a canh t\u00e2n m\u1edbi (s\u1ed1 m\u00e1y ch\u1ee7 Internet theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ed1\u00a0 l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n chung c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o)<\/p>\n

3) Ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n c\u1ee7a canh t\u00e2n c\u0169 (s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 di \u0111\u1ed9ng), s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec7n theo \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/p>\n

4) Tri th\u1ee9c & K\u0129 n\u0103ngs (s\u1ed1 n\u0103m trung b\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 15 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf l\u00ean, t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tuy\u1ec3n th\u00f4 \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p ba trong khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7)<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb TAI v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh trong mi\u1ec1n 0.744 cho Ph\u1ea7n Lan, 0.733 cho M\u0129, 0.703 cho Thu\u1ef5 \u0110i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 0.698 cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec9nh, cho 0.066 v\u1edbi Mozambique \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1y. Trong danh s\u00e1ch 72 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TAI, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n

1) Nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1edbi TAI tr\u00ean 0.5, \u0111ang \u1edf m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

2) Nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, v\u1edbi TAI gi\u1eefa 0.35 v\u00e0 0.49, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ee9c cao nh\u01b0ng canh t\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fat \u00edt.<\/p>\n

3) Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi TAI gi\u1eefa 0.20 v\u00e0 0.34 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng trong \u0111\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm.<\/p>\n

4) Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, v\u1edbi TAI d\u01b0\u1edbi 0.20 trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 5 v\u1edbi TAI 0.666), Singapore (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 10 v\u1edbi TAI 0.585) v\u00e0 Israel (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 18 v\u1edbi TAI 0.585). Nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00f3 T\u00e2y Ban Nha (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 19 v\u1edbi TAI 0.481), Hi L\u1ea1p (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 26 v\u1edbi TAI 0.437), Malaysia (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 30 v\u01a1i TAI 0.396), v\u00e0 Mexico (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 32 v\u1edbi TAI 0.389).\u00a0 Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m Uruguay (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 38 v\u1edbi TAI 0.343), v\u00e0 Th\u00e1i lan (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 40 v\u1edbi TAI 0.255). Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 Nicaragua (\u0111\u1ee9ng th\u1ee9 64 v\u1edbi TAI 0.185), theo sau l\u00e0 Pakistan v\u1edbi TAI 0.167.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi n\u0103m, Vi\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (IMD) ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng h\u1ecd theo hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Malaysia, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng cao cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n nhanh h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c. Theo IMD, t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u00e1i v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 k\u00e9p nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng R&D. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00eam canh t\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111em t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cx\u01b0\u1edfng tri th\u1ee9c\u201d hay trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u201cn\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c.\u201d Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0: 1) n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trung h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o doanh nghi\u1ec7p; 2) n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t sinh tri th\u1ee9c qua m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n; v\u00e0 3) n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch nghi n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i theo tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u0103ng l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u00a0 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi. Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bao qu\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c \u00e9p ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean h\u01a1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn quay v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5 hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn \u0111ang\u00a0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft, v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o tri th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng l\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Do \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t do xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda tri\u1ec7u sinh vi\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p $ 11 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf M\u0129. M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 sinh vi\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u1edf M\u0129 l\u00e0: Trung Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u0110\u00e0i loan, Indonesia, Th\u00e1i lan, v\u00e0 Mexico.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, do \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c\u00a0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed c\u00f4ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c. Thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

———–English version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Knowledge Economy-5<\/p>\n

Today, the main driver for economic growth is in the high technology area. Technology is being developed and commercialized in locations where a population with higher education exists to generate new knowledge and new ideas. The StanfordIndustrial Park, built on the university land is the birthplace of the Silicon Valley. The first child was a company founded by two Stanford students, William Hewlett and David Packard in 1937. Today Silicon Valley is home to over three thousand companies, million technology workers and a high concentration of wealthy people than any place on earth. Next to Silicon Valley is the high-technology center along Route 128 near Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston, It is called the \u201cCapital of Biotechnology\u201d with thousand of scientists and bio technology companies. There are over forty high technology centers like that exists in the world, where start-up companies, research labs, financiers and corporations are converging, creating a dynamic business environment that brings together knowledge, finance and tremendous opportunity. In the 60s and 70s, most high technology centers were in the US and Europe (UK, Germany, France, Finland, and Sweden) but beginning in 1980s several centers were added to the list from Japan, Korea, Brazil, China, Australia, Canada, Singapore, Israel, and India. These centers are the hub of innovation, knowledge creation with many jobs for knowledge workers and eventually economic prosperity.<\/p>\n

To be considered as a \u201cHigh technology center\u201d the country must meet three key factors: 1) A national education system that opens to the masses rather than to a few selected elites, and producing a workforce with a relevant skill; 2) The existence of a Research & Development (R&D) system with the potential to evolve into a fully developed industry and 3) A reasonably developed Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure represented by electricity and communication devices (Telephone) including the Broadband for Internet. Electricity and the telephone are still a major challenge to many developing countries. According to several government reports, electricity has only reached about a third of the world population. There is 1 phone for every 2000 people in poor countries, 1 in250 in developing countries and 1.2 in1 in developed countries. The Internet, the key enable of the knowledge economy is also a major challenge. There is 1 Internet user per 5000 people in Africa, compared to 1 user per 6 inEurope and North America. The number of computers per 1000 people is less than 1 inAfrica, 22 in the Middle East, 38 inS. America, 172 inSingapore and 348 inWestern Europe. These challenges or the gap between the \u201cTechnological Have\u201d and \u201cHave not\u201d clearly divides developed and developing countries according to their ability to use, adapt, produce and transfer technology knowledge. If this gap is left unchanged, many developing nations will keep losing their purchasing power, and gradually fade away from the global market and never be able to recover. This is why it is very important to pay attention to this fact: \u201cWith globalization, the fastest will win over the slow ones, and country that adapt quickly will have significant advantage over the rest\u201d.<\/p>\n

How can a country become a \u201cTechnological Have\u201d or be able to take advantage of technology to build its economy? The United Nation Development Program (UNDP) has introduced a Technology Achievement Index (TAI) to provide a comparison of countries\u2019 achievements in creating technology and in building skills to master innovations. The TAI is a composite index based on four factors, together with the quantitative indicators for each:<\/p>\n

1) Creation of Technology (Number of Patents granted per capita, Number of Receipts of royalty and license fees from abroad per capita)<\/p>\n

2) Diffusion of Recent Innovations (Number of Internet hosts per capita, number of High-technology exports as share of all manufactured goods exports)<\/p>\n

3) Diffusion of Old Innovations (Number of telephones per capita (mainline and cellular combined), Number of Electricity consumption per capita)<\/p>\n

4) Knowledge & Skills (Mean years of schooling of population aged 15 and above, Gross enrollment ratio at tertiary level in science, mathematics and engineering)<\/p>\n

The TAI values thus calculated range from 0.744 for Finland, 0.733 for the USA, 0.703 for Sweden and 0.698 for Japan at the top, to 0.066 for Mozambique at the bottom. In the list of 72 countries for which TAI could be calculated clearly shows four groups:<\/p>\n

1) Leaders, with TAI above 0.5, which are at the cutting edge of self sustaining technological innovation.<\/p>\n

2) Potential Leaders, with TAI between 0.35 and 0.49, which have invested in high levels of knowledge and skills development but innovate little.<\/p>\n

3) Dynamic Adopters, with TAI between 0.20 and 0.34 which are dynamic in the use of new technologies, but in which the application is still incomplete and slow.<\/p>\n

4) Marginalized, with TAI below 0.20 in which large parts of the population have not benefited even from the old technologies such as electricity, clean water and phone.<\/p>\n

Among the top leaders are Korea (5th with TAI 0.666), Singapore (10th with TAI 0.585) and Israel (18th with TAI 0.585). Potential leaders include Spain (19th with TAI 0.481), Greece (26th with TAI 0.437), Malaysia (30th with TAI 0.396), and Mexico (32nd with TAI 0.389).\u00a0 The Dynamic adopters include Uruguay (38th with TAI 0.343), and Thailand (40th TAI 0.255). The Marginalized is Nicaragua (64th with TAI 0.185), followed by Pakistan with TAI 0.167.<\/p>\n

Every year, The Institute for Management and Development (IMD) analyzes the competitiveness of countries and rank them according to their economic performance, effectiveness of government, effectiveness of the private sector, and infrastructure. There is clearly a strong correlation between the technology achievement capacity and the competitive strength of a country in the global market. Furthermore, when technology industry is strong as the cases of Korea and Malaysia, it shows a positive on the competitive strength and high potential for economic growth, even faster than other leaders. According to the IMD, economic growth is measured by the result of increasing inputs such as capital and labor, or using capital and labor in a more productive way such as the application of knowledge in industry production for higher productivity, quality.<\/p>\n

The key factor in helping to grow the economy is the education system because it plays a dual role as components of both the national education and R&D systems. Education contributes to the developing skills and knowledge that can foster innovations and bring in more capital to promote economic growth. Today university is considered the \u201cknowledge factory\u201d or the centre of the \u201cknowledge economy\u201d. The basic functions of university are: 1) the capacity to train a qualified workforce, including scientists, professionals, technicians, teachers for primary and secondary education, as well as future government, civil service and business leaders; 2) the capacity to generate knowledge through all sorts of research and development activity; and 3) the capacity to access existing global knowledge and adapt it to local to improve the economy and the competitive strength of a country. A knowledge-driven economy not only requires higher skills of the workforce, but also continuous updating to adapt to changing demand of the market. The rate of increase in jobs that require university -level qualifications is expected to accelerate significantly in the next few years. Lifelong learning and continuing education will be expected to expand to cover all types of workers.<\/p>\n

Today in developing countries, university education is coming under pressure to serve more students, including, adults come back to school for additional knowledge or workers who are still working in industry but not many universities are ready to take this next step. Many curricula are still focusing on theories, on obsolete technology, and on knowledge that are irrelevant to the industry. In the knowledge economy, a global education market exists to recruit students from all over the world based on the growing demand for degrees and certificates with international recognition. Therefore many students are seeking university education in top leading countries with the expectation of finding best job offering and live comfortable in the knowledge society. Universities in the U.S have benefited the most from this trend, each year, nearly half million students from other countries are coming to study in the U.S. contributing $ 11 billion into the US economy. Top ten countries of foreign students in the US were: China, India, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, and Mexico.<\/p>\n

I believe that in the knowledge economy, policies regarding education must be viewed as integral and complementary components of national economic development policies that are formulated to allow rapid responses to the changing global environment. Universities have to accept the fact that education programs should not be built by academia community alone but must be built by collaboration between university, industry and government. Academic community is not the owners of universities but its citizen, therefore the culture of \u201cAcademic privilege at public expense\u201d cannot continue to exist in the knowledge economy. Instead, all education must be tied to the benefits of society, a nation and its citizens.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, d\u1eabn l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 trong mi\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3212","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3212"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3214,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3212\/revisions\/3214"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}