{"id":3210,"date":"2013-07-08T22:22:59","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T15:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3210"},"modified":"2013-07-08T22:22:59","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T15:22:59","slug":"xa-hoi-tri-thuc-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3210","title":{"rendered":"X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c-6"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 b\u1edfi kinh doanh trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f5i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Thomas Newcomen v\u00e0 James Watt, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng tin v\u00e0o m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc. Sau ph\u00e1t minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19. Khi m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ed1n ho\u00e1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra doanh nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i kinh t\u1ebf. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o hay c\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 \u1edf M\u0129.<\/p>\n

Hai nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t, Graham Bell v\u00e0 Thomas Edison \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1eed v\u00e0 sai tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u1edf M\u0129. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 M\u0129, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eabn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng nh\u1eadn r\u1ee7i ro nh\u01b0 J.P Morgan v\u00e0 Vanderbilt. M\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u1eeb \u00f4ng J.P Morgan t\u1edbi \u00f4ng Thomas Edison: \u201cB\u1ea1n c\u1ee9 ph\u00e1t minh \u0111i, c\u00f2n t\u00f4i c\u1ee9 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 hai ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra ti\u1ec1n, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng Edison kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng Morgan l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5t \u1edf Ph\u1ed1 Wall v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u1ed1n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf M\u0129. Th\u1eddi k\u00ec gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18 t\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u vi\u1ec7c t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u1ea3y sinh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0i ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t, th\u00e9p, d\u1ea7u, xe h\u01a1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v.v.) v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1eabn l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf \u1edf M\u0129 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y qui m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp ra s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. L\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 vi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 Nh\u00e1nh v\u1eadt l\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00ed tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u1eafn, \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1946, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra b\u00f3ng b\u00e1n d\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta: C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (ICT) bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn trong vi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m), vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 quang t\u1eed (b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, s\u1ee3i quang) t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho x\u1eed l\u00ed, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 qua m\u1ea1ng truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 vi x\u1eed l\u00ed d\u1eabn t\u1edbi g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 18-24 th\u00e1ng (lu\u1eadt Moore), v\u00e0 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ee3i quang g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i b\u0103ng th\u00f4ng c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 6 th\u00e1ng (lu\u1eadt Gilder). C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 cho ph\u00e9p l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, m\u1edbi 327 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1997, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00ean t\u1edbi 3 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2010. Internet \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng theo h\u00e0m m\u0169, t\u1eeb 16 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u0103m 1995 t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 400 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 t\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i 2 t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng n\u0103m 2010. N\u0103m 1985, chi ph\u00ed g\u1eedi 45 tri\u1ec7u bit th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u00e2y qua m\u1ed9t ki l\u00f4 m\u00e9t s\u1ee3i quang x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 100 \u0111\u00f4 la; n\u0103m 1997 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed ch\u1ec9 0.05 xu v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 \u00edt h\u01a1n 0.0001 xu.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ICT \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c?\u201d C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o linh ho\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch c\u1ee1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 (c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n), v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (kh\u00ed, d\u1ea7u), kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o theo d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn; \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c, nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 (c\u00e0ng nhanh h\u01a1n, c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n) v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p thay th\u1ebf v\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt t\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 silicon v\u00e0 \u00a0composites. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1edbi micro trong \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (LSI v\u00e0 VLSI), v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c nano (khoa h\u1ecdc nano v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c robot thay v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng \u00edt n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00edt lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan trong m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thu nh\u1ecf\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o v\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u00f4 v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00f9ng \u00edt v\u00e0 mua \u00edt, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadp xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v\u1eadt t\u01b0 th\u00f4, ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 d\u1eabn l\u00e1i kinh t\u1ebf then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb ho\u00e1, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 hi v\u1ecdng ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh cao, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham gia v\u00e0o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cr\u1ea5t \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m.\u201d<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p DNA. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i khoa h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1o ra ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. G\u1ea7n 300 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sinh d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean gen \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb 2.2 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 1999 th\u00e0nh 82 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2010. C\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 2 tri\u1ec7u hectares \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng n\u0103m 1996 l\u00ean 94 tri\u1ec7u hectares n\u0103m 2007, 98 % s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u1edf Argentina, Brazil, Canada v\u00e0 ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh M\u0129. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang, c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i gen n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 \u201cN\u1ebfu v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf d\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? L\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean qui m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u0103ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c, c\u1ea3 tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 khai th\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gen \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—–English version——<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Knowledge Society – 6<\/p>\n

Throughout history, knowledge has been important to mankind for improving the quality of life. What have changed over centuries, are the characteristics of knowledge, and the processes by which it is created, transferred, acquired and applied.<\/p>\n

Technological progress starts with innovation and new ideas, then demonstrated by scientific theories, and eventually commercialized by business into industries. Innovation is thinking outside the realm of the ordinary and creates something new by observation and development. The industrial revolution started with Thomas Newcomen and James Watt, who developed and commercialized the steam engine in the late 18th century. They were technicians with no formal education or university degrees but believe in machinery and the power of steam. After their invention, universities began to study their ideas and formulate theories such as the laws of thermodynamics and begin the scientific discovery trends that lead to the industrialize revolution in the 19th century. When an idea could be commercialized, investors and financiers will come in to capitalize it and create business, many businesses will form industry, and industries create jobs and economic opportunities. Although many inventions were created in Europe but the environment, at that time, were not ready. Innovators without formal education were not respected by the academic community, many were ridicule or laugh at, and without the endorsement of the academic community, innovators could not get financial support to continue their studies so many left Europe and settled in America.<\/p>\n

Two of the most famous innovators, Graham Bell and Thomas Edison had no formal education. They worked in laboratories mostly by trial and error before create products that led to new technologies which formed the bases of new industries in the U.S. The interesting fact was America, still in the process of development, already had financiers who would be willing to take risks such as J.P Morgan and Vanderbilt. A famous quote from Mr. J.P Morgan to Mr. Thomas Edison: \u201cYou keep on inventing, and I keep on financing whatever you need then we both can make money, lot of money\u201d. However, Mr. Edison was not rich but Mr. Morgan was the richest person in Wall Street and today his company is still one of the largest capital investments institutions in the U.S. The period between the middle of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century marks the advent of the industrial society characterized by technologies and industries. Technological innovations are financed by investors resulting in the development of several industries (Chemical, Steel, Oil, Car, Railroad, and Aerospace etc.) and become the main driver of economic growth in the U.S with large-scale, assembly-line factories that mass-producing goods to be sold all over the world.<\/p>\n

The most important discovery of the 20th century, which changes the entire scientific system and shaping up today\u2019s knowledge society, is the quantum theory. This new theory has changed the understanding of the micro world radically, and opened up new science such as atomic and nuclear physics.\u00a0 This branch of physics created another field of solid-state physics which led to the development of electronics and advanced materials. Beginning with the first high-speed electronic computer in 1946, the invention of transistor and the theory of communications open up a new technologies and industries which have profoundly change our lives: The Information and Communication technologies and biotechnology.<\/p>\n

Information and communication technologies (ICT) involve innovations in microelectronics, computing (hardware and software), telecommunications, and optoelectronics (microprocessors, semiconductors, fiber optics) enable the processing, storage, transmission of enormous amounts of data through communication networks. Innovations in microprocessor technology lead to the doubling of computing power every 18-24 months (Moore\u2019s Law), and in fiber optic technologies double bandwidths every 6 months (Gilder\u2019s Law). These laws not only reduce costs but also increases speed allows this field to expand throughout the world at significant rates. Global market for information technologies, which was $ 327 billion in 1997, is expected to rise to $ 3 trillion by 2010. The Internet has grown exponentially, from 16 million users in 1995 to more than 400 million users in 2000 and to an expected 2 billion users in 2010. In 1985, the cost of sending 45 million bits of information per second over one kilometer of optical fiber was approximately 100 dollars; in 1997 this was possible at a cost of just 0.05 cent and today it costs less than 0.0001 cent.<\/p>\n

Therefore, it is clear that the information revolution created by ICT technologies has rapidly transformed the industrial Society into the knowledge Society.<\/p>\n

The question is \u201cWhat is the different between industrial and knowledge society?\u201d The answer can be found in the transformation in industry from mass-production techniques to flexible manufacturing systems, and the reduction in the size of products. With the Industrial Society, the major factor is size (The bigger, the better), with the large amount of energy consumption (Gas, Oil), huge amount of raw materials to support large assembly-line manufacturing, and a large labor, especially low-cost labor, to work in industries. However, with the Knowledge Society, the major factor is speed (The faster, the better) with industries substitute traditional raw materials with new and advanced materials such as silicon and composites. The process of miniaturization with the development of submicron techniques in electronics (LSI and VLSI), and manufacturing processes developed at the nanometer-level (Nano-science and nanotechnology) controlled by robots instead of human being. Because of these factors, manufactures will use less energy, less low skilled labors but increase in highly skilled workers with university education.<\/p>\n

One important factor that not many people pay attention is the impact of \u201ctechnology miniaturization\u201d has had on countries whose economies were dependent solely upon raw materials and labor exports. When developed countries use less and buy less, it led to significantly reduced in export revenues for developing countries. Countries that economy are mostly based on export of raw materials, manufacturing goods, low cost labors will lose their key economic drivers and could not meet the increasing costs of economic development, urbanization, industrialization and the expectations of their citizens on the hope of making livings mainly from resource exports. Without strategies to keep up with the fast growing, highly competitive economy, they will no longer be able to participate in the global trades and the consequences could be \u201cVery bleak\u201d.<\/p>\n

Another important factor that also deserves attention is the advancement of biotechnology with recombinant DNA technology. This field is transforming life sciences, making huge advances in medicine and agriculture field. Nearly 300 biopharmaceutical products have been approved for use or are being reviewed by the US government. The genomics-based pharmaceutical market is projected to grow from $ 2.2 billion in 1999 to $ 82 billion in 2010. Transgenic crops increased from 2 million hectares planted in 1996 to 94 million hectares in 2007, 98 % of which is in Argentina, Brazil, Canada and the US alone. There are reports that with proper directions, these transgenic crops could produce enough food for the entire human race for hundred of years. The question is \u201cIf few countries could produce food in significant amount and at much lower cost than what happen to countries that economy are based strictly on agriculture? How can they compete? How can they survive? Of course, it is still a long way before the full potential of biotechnology is discovered, with many possible healths, environmental, and social and economic risks to be discussed and solved before this industry can exert the impact on a global scale.<\/p>\n

The transformation from the industrial society to the knowledge society and the global economy is driven by the increased importance of knowledge, both technical knowledge and knowledge about information and awareness. I believe that we need to look into the knowledge society from a humanistic view, not just focus on how to apply the knowledge but also how to analyze all information so we can make the right decision to benefit our family, our society, our nation and our environment. Just as the steam engine and electricity harnessed power to make possible the industrial revolution, digital and genetic breakthroughs are changing our way of thinking to form the basis of knowledge society.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3210","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3210"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3211,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3210\/revisions\/3211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3210"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3210"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3210"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}