{"id":3193,"date":"2013-07-08T21:10:25","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T14:10:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3193"},"modified":"2013-07-08T21:10:25","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T14:10:25","slug":"bai-hoc-lich-su","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3193","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n khi kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i. Sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn 2, c\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb suy s\u1ee5p kinh t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh n\u1ed7i nh\u1ee5c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00fap d\u00e2n h\u1ecd quay l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u00ec n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i m\u00e0 M\u0129 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho vay ($13 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la) \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cPh\u00e9p m\u00e0u kinh t\u1ebf h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 t\u1eeb M\u0129 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o “k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch can thi\u1ec7p kinh t\u1ebf” c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o hai mi\u1ec1n then ch\u1ed1t: C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00ec kho\u1ea3n ti\u1ec1n vay\u00a0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn mua b\u00e1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, h\u1ecd cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sinh l\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u00f4 t\u00f4, th\u00e9p, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qua vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi, ti\u1ec7n nghi m\u1edbi, c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 hai ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u00e0i mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a: y h\u1ecdc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. L\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u00e0i mi\u1ec1n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Nh\u1eadt, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1eb7c cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt v\u1eabn c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng duy tr\u00ec tri\u1ebft l\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Minh Tr\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c & lu\u00e2n l\u00ed) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n khi th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u1eadt th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf nhanh trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c n\u0103m 60, 70 v\u00e0 80. N\u0103m 1965, GDP c\u1ee7a Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 90 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m 1985 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea3i c\u00e1nh bay l\u00ean 2.5 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la. Khi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1970 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u n\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cao t\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7u, s\u00e2n bay v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadp, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh do ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i c\u0169ng coi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u00e0i gi\u1ecfi b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ef1 t\u00fac l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n \u0111i l\u00ean m\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfp.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u201cCon ng\u1ed7ng bay\u201d c\u1ee7a Kaname Akamatsu xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1962, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a sinh vi\u00ean ch\u00e2u \u00c1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eeda l\u00e0m cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u kinh t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra nhanh ch\u00f3ng. \u00d4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu con ng\u1ed7ng bay theo h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef V tr\u00ean b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng Nh\u1eadt s\u1ebd b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 “d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u1eeda.\u201d Tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 (1962) nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 r\u1ea7y la \u00f4ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201ctay m\u01a1 y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc ngu xu\u1ea9n\u201d nh\u01b0ng khi th\u1eddi gian thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi ph\u1ed1i trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm l\u0129nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng. Ta h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: t\u1eeb 1965 t\u1edbi 1980, M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00e1n d\u1eabn nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1982, Nh\u1eadt, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u1eafm 92% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u00e0y nay, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u00ednh. T\u1eeb 1940 t\u1edbi 1990, M\u0129 chi ph\u1ed1i ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4 cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1980 l\u00fac Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u00f4 t\u00f4 M\u0129 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 xe thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. N\u0103m 2005 Toyota \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i General Motor, Ford v\u00e0 Chrysler v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.\u00a0 T\u1eeb 1990 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (ti vi, m\u00e1y nghe nh\u1ea1c n\u1ed5i, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v.v.) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p (d\u1ec7t, gi\u1ea7y, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i v.v.) do Trung Qu\u1ed1c chi ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2001, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 tri th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 chi ph\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: T\u1ef1 m\u00e3n. V\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed chi ph\u1ed1i, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u1ea1o m\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh cao n\u00e0y. Khi gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u00f4 t\u00f4 M\u0129 v\u1eabn l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc xe l\u1edbn ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u x\u0103ng trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m xe Nh\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n xe ti\u00eau thu x\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti b\u00e1n d\u1eabn sinh l\u1eddi cao nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7n nghi ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 1992, 95% linh ki\u1ec7n trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1ea1i M\u0129 nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay 98% s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 linh ki\u1ec7n CPU l\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u1edf M\u0129. C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Theo c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 n\u0103m 2008, trong 25 n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t 70% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e1y, d\u1ec7t, b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf. Trong m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m qua, M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1eeb qu\u1ed1c gia t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi sang th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia mang n\u1ee3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi 65% t\u1ed5ng n\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf v\u1ed1n b\u1edfi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n. V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh \u0111ang v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i (FDI- foreign direct investment) v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cFDI \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t trong c\u00e1c qu\u0129 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean (qu\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o l\u00e3nh cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh M\u0129 trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, n\u01b0\u1edbc nhanh h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. L\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n (C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t) nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, canh t\u00e2n, v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng (C\u00e0ng canh t\u00e2n nhanh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t). Tuy nhi\u00ean, canh t\u00e2n c\u1ea7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n (ti\u1ec1n) sang h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng (c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c). Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 “c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng.\u201d T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? \u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ng\u1ea7m l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf: D\u00e2n ch\u00fang gi\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 sinh. V\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 h\u01b0u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh to\u00e0n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1edbi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1998 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng di d\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1edbi, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u0129 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m n\u1eefa khi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u00fat gi\u1ea3m. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, 76% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi 26 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ef1c l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111ang t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do v\u1eady, c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t s\u1ebd c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n. Trong cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi t\u1edd New York Times, Jeff Immelt, CEO c\u1ee7a GE \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: “V\u1edbi t\u00f4i, to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea 50,000 k\u0129 s\u01b0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i M\u0129, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111ang m\u1edf trung t\u00e2m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1edf Bangalore, India.\u201d\u00a0 G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, hai c\u00f4ng ti vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng l\u1edbn, Nortel v\u00e0 3Com \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c Huawei, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u0129 s\u01b0 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng, Huawei t\u0103ng s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean 57% b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, v\u1edbi 15% th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 9% \u1edf M\u0129 Latin.\u00a0 C\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c Proctor &Gamble nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thu\u00ea h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn k\u0129 s\u01b0 t\u1eeb kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd, qua internet, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1eddng.\u201d<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng then ch\u1ed1t trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng, c\u00e1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed (Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ee9c, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0i Loan). B\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, \u0110\u1ee9c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c KH\u00d4NG h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1edf Ghana, Zimbabwe, Congo, Sudan, Cameroon, Angola v\u00e0 Ethiopia (ch\u00e2u Phi) hay Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, v\u00e0 Columbia (Trung M\u0129). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh chi\u1ebfn tranh, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

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—–English version ———<\/p>\n

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History Lessons<\/p>\n

History tells us that the faster a country could act to overcome adverse economic conditions, the better it can work it way through the crisis and emerges stronger when the economy recovers. After World War 2, both Germany and Japan suffered significant economic downturn, beside the humiliation of defeat; they had to rebuild their economy and helped their people went back to work. There were many books written about this period but most focused on the program of economic aid for the post war reconstruction where the U.S provided loans assistance ($13 billion) to support these countries but they failed to mention the efforts of Germany and Japan to overcome their obstacles and created the \u201cPost war economic miracles\u201d.<\/p>\n

Although the monetary assistance from the U.S was needed, Germany and Japanese government relied more on their own \u201ceconomic intervention plans\u201d that focused on two key areas: Improve education systems and organize the cooperation between manufactures, suppliers, and banks to improve the economy. Government of both countries rebuilt their manufactures by prioritized which technologies were important to import since their loaned money was limited. Government people directly negotiated on prices and conditions of imported technology to ensure that they had the best deals possible. By focusing only on few selected areas, they allowed their economy to grow in the most profitable industries such as automobile, steels, pharmaceuticals and telecommunications. Manufacturing productivity was improved through the use of new equipments, new facilities, new management, and process standardization. At the same time, both governments focused on improve their education systems, especially the higher education curricula, to concentrate on few selected areas: Medicine, commerce, laws, economics and engineering. Again by focusing only in few areas, they developed quickly the skilled people to support the industrial needs of their growing economy. Especially in Japan, the improved education system still maintain the tradition idea that education is highly esteemed and to be pursued seriously with moral and ethical practices fully integrated into the central part of the system. Despite changes and foreign pressures, Japanese were still able to maintain the philosophy of the Meiji period that certain tradition practices (ethics & moral) are to be preserved when adapting foreign ideas and methods to its education system. I believe that this wisdom actually help transformed Japan into a modern society with rapid economic growths throughout the 60s, 70s and 80s. In 1965, Japan GDP was $ 90 billion but in 1985 it soared to $ 2.5 trillion. When both education and manufactures areas were improved , begin in the 1970 government started to invest in the infrastructures by building highways, subways, roads, bridges, airports and dams, using their own companies that managed by their own people, instead of relying on foreign companies and their expertise. I also considered this move to be brilliant because self-sufficiency is the key factor for any developing countries that want to move up to the next level.<\/p>\n

The vision that developing countries could catch up with developed countries can be found in the book \u201cThe Flying Geese\u201d of Kaname Akamatsu published in 1962, where the author predicted that that Asian countries will be able to catch up with the West as a part of a process where the manufacturing of products would continuously move from the more advanced countries to the less advanced ones. The author pointed to the traditional highly esteemed education system as the fuel and the motivation of Asian students as the fire that make economy miracle happen rapidly. He used the pattern of geese flying in the V shape in the sky with Japan being the leader and believed that Japan will sell products to other countries around the world because Japan had both \u201cthe fuel and the fire\u201d. His vision was very advance at that time (1962) but many people laughed at him and scolded him as a \u201cStupid patriotic dreamer\u201d but as time changes we can admire his visionary as things began to happen.<\/p>\n

In the early day of Post-war, developed countries have dominant position in most global trades but eventually developing countries are moving up and take over several markets, competing with well-established countries. Let\u2019s look at some facts: From 1965 to 1980, the U.S and Europe dominated the semiconductor industry but begin in 1982, Japan, S. Korea, and Taiwan quickly took over this industry and now have 92% of the market. Today, China is investing heavily in this industry and could become a major competitor. From 1940 to 1990, the U.S dominated the automobile industry until 1980 where Japan entered this market and eventually competed directly with U.S automakers by having better quality and design cars. In 2005 Toyota defeated General Motor, Ford and Chrysler and became the largest automobile manufactures in the world.\u00a0 Since 1990 most electronics (TV, Stereo, phones etc.) and low cost manufacturing products (Textiles, shoes, toys etc.) are dominated by China and begin in 2001, most knowledge works and services such as Information technology are dominated by India.<\/p>\n

What happened to developed countries and why they let it happened? The answer is simple: Complacency. With successes and dominant positions, many developed countries became arrogant and did not pay attention to their competitors. Many did not even have strategies in this dynamic and highly competitive market. When oil price increased steadily, U.S automakers were still producing large cars that consume a lot of gas when Japanese carmakers understood that the market had changed and people wanted cars that have better gas consumption. In high technology industry, semiconductor companies were highly profitable but they did not invest in their manufactures for better efficiency, the lacking of long term plans provided opportunities for Japan, Korea and Taiwan to improve their manufacturing facilities and massively produce better products at the fraction of the price. Before 1992, 95% of components in the personal computer were made in the U.S but today 98% of them were made elsewhere, only the CPU component is still made in the U.S. Similar examples can be found in almost every sector in industries.\u00a0 According to the 2008 U.S government studies, during the past 25 years, developed countries have lost 70% of world market share in 20 major industries, including steel, automobile, consumer electronics, machine tools, textiles, semiconductors, construction equipment and medical equipment. In the past ten years, the U.S has gone from being the world\u2019s largest creditor nation to the world\u2019s largest debtor nation with 65% of total debt is financed by China and Japan. With globalization, Strong economic forces are redrawing the map of the world with a change in the direction of foreign direct investment (FDI) and now it is a \u201creverse FDI\u201d, as observed in the emerging-market sovereign wealth funds (state-owned investment funds) to bail out the U.S. financial system during this financial crisis. Much of the funding came from China and India.<\/p>\n

With globalization, the faster a country can change the better it can position itself. Traditional economic force was capital (The more money, the better) but now the main economic forces are strategies, innovation, and skilled workforce (The faster you can innovate, the better). However, innovation needs strategy and people to execute so the economic equation has changed from focus on capital (money) to focus on skilled people (knowledge worker). These new forces have already changed the balance of the global market but developing countries that do not understand this new equation may miss this \u201cgolden opportunity\u201d. Why focus on people? In developed countries, there are some undercurrents that drastically changing the social and economic structure: The aging populations and declining birth rates. With majority of workers reaching retirement and without younger workforce to replace them, many will not be able to keep their economies operating at full force. To mitigate this risk, developed countries are opening their borders and actively inviting skilled workers to work in their countries. The most significant example is Japan, which traditionally has been a closed society. Begin in 1998 Japanese government has started inviting skilled immigrants, mostly from China, to come because Japan no longer has sufficient numbers of employees in its population. Europe and the U.S. will face this problem in the next few years as their working population decline. In stark contrast, 76% of India and China\u2019s working population is under the age of 26 and they will be a tremendous workforce that can manage and operate their growing economies. Thus, the competition for highly skilled workers was intense will become more intense in the near future.<\/p>\n

As competition heat up, developed countries will have to recruit more workers. During an interview with the New York Times, Jeff Immelt, the CEO of GE said: “To me, globalization means bringing together the best and brightest from around the world. We are making it a global intellect, tapping into the best brains on a global basis. Our company already hired 50,000 engineers from outside the U.S., and we are opening our largest development center in the world in Bangalore, India.\u201d\u00a0 More recently, two large telecommunication companies, Nortel and 3Com formed collaboration with Chinese telecommunication Huawei, to use its large engineer workforce for design and build telecom equipments. By combining knowledge and skills, Huawei increase its sale 57% outside China, with a 15% market share in Asia and 9% in Latin America.\u00a0 Another U.S large company Proctor &Gamble realized that its internal business model (designed in 1980s) could no longer sustains the growth it needed to stay on top so they hired hundred thousand engineers from all over the world to work for them, via the internet, while still staying in their own countries. This idea is being adopted by many large global companies as the concept of \u201centerprise-without-walls\u201d.<\/p>\n

In summary, the key idea in this globalization lecture is knowledge and skills which are the result of a good education system. For developing countries, improve education and training should be the highest priority as we already seen in the lesson of history (Japan, Germany, Korea, India, China and Taiwan). Have you ever ask what happened if Japan, Germany, India and China did NOT focus on education improvement? You could find the answer in Ghana, Zimbabwe, Congo, Sudan, Cameroon, Angola and Ethiopia (Africa) or Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Columbia (Central America). All of these countries have rich natural resources and strong agriculture economy but did not invest much in education. They rely on agriculture trades but without skilled people to manage their own economies, many fell victims to foreign trades and exploitation which resulting in wars, crimes and poverty.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3193"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3194,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3193\/revisions\/3194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}