{"id":3163,"date":"2013-07-08T19:11:14","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T12:11:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3163"},"modified":"2013-07-08T19:11:14","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T12:11:14","slug":"cong-nghiep-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3163","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti. Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00e3ng 75% th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng ti: Microsoft, Oracle, IBM v\u00e0 SAP. \u0110\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi sinh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p chi ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u00e1i k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u1eed b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 thu\u00ea nh\u1eefng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, Watts Humphrey, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon University \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 l\u1ea7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Quan s\u00e1t n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m – Software Capability Maturity Model (SW-CMM). M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u00e1p\u00a0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn. V\u1eady m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn b\u1ecf qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f3 “th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1edfi\u00a0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh coi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “ngh\u1ec7 s\u0129” c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “khoa h\u1ecdc.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 ra vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 coi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “khoa h\u1ecdc’ ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.\u201d V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra \u00edch l\u1ee3i kinh doanh, nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00ea c\u01b0\u1eddi do quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi SW-CMM m\u1ee9c cao b\u00e1o c\u00e1o vi\u1ec7c thu h\u1ed3i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t (ROI) \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea3y sinh trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean t\u1ea7u con thoi kh\u1edbp s\u00e1t v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Boeing v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c. V\u00e2ng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea1m b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cao v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u00e0y nay tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng chat internet, v\u00e0 b\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Sau h\u01a1n 30 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp th\u1ecb \u1edf gi\u1eefa. L\u00ed do then ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ea5t quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. (\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay qui tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5).\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i. (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y).\u00a0 Khi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111ang thu\u00ea k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thay v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1n cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng cao trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u1ecd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p agile trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Ng\u00e0y nay, tranh c\u00e3i gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n di\u1ec5n ra ch\u01b0a th\u1ea5y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t.<\/p>\n

V\u1eeba l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “khoa h\u1ecdc,” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.” Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc r\u00fat ra, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t then ch\u1ed1t gi\u1eefa ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. K\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 chia vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1edbp ho\u1eb7c, “Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y,” ho\u1eb7c “\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi.” V\u1edbi k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac b\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a “c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi nhanh h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 r\u1ebb h\u01a1n. Khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m hay khi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u0103n nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m c\u00f9ng sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng so v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eb1m v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a\u00a0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c \u00e9p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tuy\u1ebfn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, l\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c \u00e9p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.\u00a0 C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. H\u1ecd tuy\u1ec3n l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 s\u01b0 c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c t\u1ef1\u00a0 qu\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tham gia v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf. H\u1ecd th\u00fac b\u1ea9y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00fac b\u1ea9y c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nhanh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u0103n nguy\u00ean, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m sai l\u1ea7m b\u1edfi v\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf ra ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p agile \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ti c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software Industry<\/p>\n

Globalization demands software companies to have quality products at lower costs and this trend create more competition among companies. According to recent studies, about 75% of software market is dominated by four companies: Microsoft, Oracle, IBM and SAP. To survive, company must focus on their ability to increase efficiency, release products in a shorter time, and reduce costs without sacrificing quality. There are several ways to do that, some companies outsource software development to lower cost countries where workers willing to work long hours at lower pay. This may lower their costs but do not guarantee the quality. Other lower their costs by re-engineering their processes, eliminating unnecessary activities, obtaining better tools, and hire the best software engineers to do works for them.<\/p>\n

Several years ago, Watts Humphrey, a scientist at CarnegieMellonUniversity found that students trained software engineering can perform at least 10 times better than students trained in computer science or programming trainings. This observation led to his effort to better understand the differences between the two training programs and eventually developed a model called the Software Capability Maturity Model (SW-CMM). This model is used to measure the capability of software organization as well as practices that software people must follow to develop quality software. There are many studies confirming the benefits of this model and the application of a software engineering process that can produce great results. Yet many software companies still ignore this model and many universities continue to focus on teaching programming rather on software engineering disciplines. There is a \u201cnegative attitude\u201d toward following a software process by most programmers trained in Computer Science. Many complain about the costs and the delays associated with following a process and the limits it places on their individual creativity. Many Computer Science programmers consider themselves \u201cartists\u201d with a freedom to create softwares the way they want and software is an \u201cart\u201d not a \u201cscience\u201d. Software engineers point out the improvements in productivity and quality found in following a well defined process and consider software is a \u201cscience\u201d not an \u201cart\u201d. By realizing the business benefits, many software engineers are somewhat amused by the notions that following a defined process slowdown software development or limits creativity. They point to companies that have successfully achieved high SW-CMM levels report good returns on their investments (ROI) which resulted in reducing waste, allowing their engineers to spend more time developing high quality products. For example, the results from the shuttle on-board software engineers align nicely with the significant results from Boeing and numerous other companies. Yet, many programmers remain untouched by these results and many universities also ignore the fact that there is a high demand of software engineering skills in the software industry. Today the debate between two views: Software engineering and Computer Science is still going on in internet chat rooms, and within academic community.<\/p>\n

After working more than 30 years in the software industry, I found that the relationship between a company and its customers is a major factor that contributed to the difference between these two views. In traditional software companies, programmers are kept away from the users with many levels of managers, sales and marketing people in between. The key reason is a concern about management losing control and the need to keep programmers focused on writing code. (Computer Science training is focusing mostly on coding with limit training in customer relationship or business processes).\u00a0 However, more advanced software companies understand the important of customer satisfaction and want their software engineers fully integrated with the users to understand their requirements. From their view, technology can decrease time, reduce costs and by having many people in between can slow things down. (Software engineer are trained in requirements engineering and customer relationship so it is natural for them to fulfill this role).\u00a0 As technology grows in complexity, the challenge of working closely with customers and users grows in its importance and most advanced software companies are now hiring software engineers rather than computer science graduates. Many traditional software companies still believe that customers do not know much about technology, understand product requirements by allowing programmer to meet with them could create problems and lose a sale so there are reasons to maintain the distance between programmers and customers. Advanced companies point to the same things but assert that this demonstrates the need to be fully integrated into their customer process to ensure higher satisfaction in the future. They promote the use of more agile methods in software development and invest in customer relationships. They trust their software engineers’ use of defined process to keep development activities under control. Today, the debate between two views is still going on with no end in sight.<\/p>\n

As both a university professor and software professional, I believe that software is a \u201cscience\u201d, not an \u201cart\u201d. The use of scientific methods, mathematics, risk management, architecture, lessons learned, and the application of process are the key difference between software engineering training and computer science program. Software engineers are trained to breakdown large work into tasks and efforts. Effort and task can be classified as either, “We have already done this,” or “This is new work.” With engineering discipline for employing process and data, software engineer can leverage the work of others as well as their own experiences to build a foundation of \u201cReusable components\u201d. With skills in architecture and system integration, they can assemble these reuse components into new product faster, better and cheaper. When they make mistakes or when results differ from expectations, they take time to understand the root cause and follow a process to reduce the probability of similar problems in the future. This lessons learned help others from not making the same mistake and improve the quality of software products significantly. By following process based on statistical methods, software engineers can eliminate many defects by understand the different between common vs. special causes and improve the chance of design, build a highly quality product. Unfortunately, many programmers are not trained in engineering methods, architecture, integration, risk management, statistical process control, metrics and root cause analysis. Programmer have a tendency to point to the increase of complexity as a factor that contribute to the poor quality of products and complain that with large size projects, more pressure are putting on their works, require them to work longer hours.<\/p>\n

Without knowledge about globalization and the demand for speed, traditional software companies tend toward creating rigid organizational structures to ensure the work gets done. There are clear lines of authority and control in order to ensure no one is working on things other than what is currently assigned. Managers will focus on planning, scheduling, budgeting, and directing people; Programmers will focus on coding, testing and documenting. Unfortunately, many managers are not trained in the managing aspect of software project. Some are good programmers that getting promoted into management. Some come from business and finance schools with no knowledge of software. Without additional software training, many will struggle with the burden of estimating, monitoring and meeting customers\u2019 demand and these pressures will drive many projects to failure.\u00a0 Advanced software companies know how to build their work force with well-trained and well qualified software engineers. They recruit engineers from well known universities and collaborate with universities on their needs. By having engineers with unique skill that complements others, these companies usually have small, customer-involved, self-directed work teams. They leverage modern technologies and tools, but most importantly they leverage the teamwork activities to do it all. They think that such integration of small teams leads to faster results with products that meet customers’ needs. By applying scientific methods such as root cause analysis, statistical process control, they can reduce mistakes because the cause for errors has been eliminated out of the system. This is the reason that why agile method coupled with the use of statistical process control can benefit both the company as well as their customers.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,26],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3163","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nha-doanh-nghiep","category-xu-huong-cong-nghe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3163","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3163"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3163\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3165,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3163\/revisions\/3165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3163"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3163"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3163"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}