{"id":309,"date":"2013-06-18T22:09:16","date_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:09:16","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=309"},"modified":"2013-06-18T22:09:16","modified_gmt":"2013-06-18T15:09:16","slug":"cong-nghe-va-kinh-te","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=309","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0: \u201cL\u00e0m sao t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m?\u201d Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. L\u00ed do l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o hay vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u, s\u1ed1 c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra theo tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 d\u1eabn l\u00e1i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7: ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, Internets, app di \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 robots. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111o b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea3o.” Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a app di \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3i xu\u1ed1ng qua Internet? L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qua ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edf? L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao t\u00e1c tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd b\u1edfi l\u00ed do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u1edd World Economic Outlook \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m: \u201cNh\u00ecn l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng, v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111ang t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i.\u201d C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i ra c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; s\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u v.v v\u00ec nh\u1eefng “t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh” n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i b\u1edfi “t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh” nh\u01b0 v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, n\u01a1i kinh doanh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i: \u201cV\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao l\u00e0 robots v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1eefa cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf. Khi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p t\u0103ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd: \u201c\u00d4ng qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u1ea1o ra robots v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v.v, c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra robots v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i; c\u00e1ch \u0111o kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o “\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m” n\u00e0y. Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u0169.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u1ea5y n\u00f3i l\u00ean c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u1ea5y: \u201cC\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao kh\u00f4ng thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p? C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01a1n. M\u1ed1i quan ng\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y? L\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh t\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i v\u1edbi “logic” nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh, v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng so v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, khi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 robots v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi bao nhi\u00eau nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Trong th\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c m\u1edbi, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf Anh, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3. Khi Barthelemy Thimonier ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u00e1y may \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, th\u1ee3 may gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1t nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y v\u00e0 su\u00fdt gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u1ea5y do s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. Khi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e1y xe l\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m v\u00ec h\u1ecd lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eaft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng xe ng\u1ef1a. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u1ed7i l\u1ea1c nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t minh ra \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ec1 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u sang M\u0129 v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y vinh quang c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00c2u ng\u00e0y nay v\u00e0 M\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ea7y cao b\u1ed3i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua \u0111\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, Internet, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, robotics nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 n\u1eefa t\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi n\u00e0y n\u1edf hoa, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (STEM) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t suy ngh\u0129 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 “tri th\u1ee9c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh” \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eabn l\u00e1i cho kinh t\u1ebf thay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt l\u00ed hay xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kinh doanh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m “\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m” nh\u01b0 trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh “kinh t\u1ebf do xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o” \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ec3 mua s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb t\u1eeb h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u0111ang lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG mua nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i trong kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y “ph\u00e9p m\u00e0u kinh t\u1ebf” c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u \u0111i t\u1edbi d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. Ngay c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft “kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ed5” v\u1ec1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ebb \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 k\u1ebft. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m “kho\u00e1n trong” thay v\u00ec “kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i.” Trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra “\u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m” c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ai \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c STEM \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p. L\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u00e0 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec c\u1ea1nh tranh s\u1ebd d\u1eef d\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Technology and economic<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The question among many governments today is: \u201cHow to create jobs?\u201d For the past few years, economists have been discussing this issue but could not find answer. The reason is most of them only think about the type of job that they can measure such as the number of manufacturing jobs or agriculture jobs or economic data such as number of products created for export, number of crops produced in weight, as described in economic theories. What happen today is the main driver of the economic is something not measurable and does not fit the old economic patterns.<\/p>\n

If we look at the past thirty years, we will find that almost everything is driven by technologies: Software, Internets, Mobile apps, automation machines and robots. This economic data is difficult to measure because some are traded and exchanged in the \u201cvirtual world\u201d. For example, how do you measure the economic value of mobile apps downloaded via the Internet? How do you measure software value via open source? How do you measure online transactions? Without tangible data, economists cannot predict.<\/p>\n

Probably for that reason the World Economic Outlook reported a bleak picture: \u201cLooking ahead, there is no significant improvement in job creation. Many factories are closing with hundred thousand people out of work every month, and the number is still increasing everywhere.\u201d Economists who contributed to the report measured assets such as manufactory outputs, energy supply amount; number export products etc. as these \u201ctangible assets\u201d are clearly stated in economic formula. They overlooked the fact that most job growth are being driven by \u201cintangible assets\u201d such as human capital, intellectual capital, and services which are key factors of the modern economy, where service-oriented businesses and high-tech manufacturing are the main job creation.<\/p>\n

An economics professor told me: \u201cThe problem with high tech is robots and machines can replace people so there are no more jobs for people. Basically high tech destroys the economy. When unemployment is rising to certain level, there will be chaotic and unstable government everywhere; in that case war is difficult to avoid.\u201d<\/p>\n

I disagreed: \u201cYou forget the fact that it is people who create robots and machines. There are many jobs in software, hardware, and engineer etc., there is a shortage of skilled people to create robots and machines that can replace labor workers. The issue is education must change; economic measurements must change to focus on this \u201cjob creation engine\u201d. In this information age, we must change our view and cannot rely on the old formula.\u201d<\/p>\n

He stated his view: \u201cThe high tech industry does not hire many workers as the factories. What are you going to do with hundred thousand of unemployed labor workers? High tech creates few jobs but destroy a lot more. Our concern today is how do we create more jobs for these people? As an economist, I do not see a bright picture here.\u201d<\/p>\n

It is difficult to argue with such \u201clogic\u201d of quantitive instead of quality; labor jobs instead of intellectual jobs. Of course, as factory automation is happening in many countries, I can see that many labor workers will be replaced by machines and robots soon and without appropriated action, the economy look bleak.<\/p>\n

Sometime I wonder how many economists read history books. If we recall the history of the industrial revolution, we can also see a very similar pattern. During the late 18th and 19th century, inventors and scientists developed new machines, new techniques, and new devices that contributed to the progress of industrialization in the 20th century, but they also faced many criticisms and resistances. For example, when steam engine was used to power a boat in England, workers were told that it could destroy their jobs so they set fire to the engine and threaten to kill those steam engine scientists. When Barthelemy Thimonier invented the first sewing machine, angry tailors burned his house and almost killed him out of fear of unemployment. When locomotive train was invented, European governments wanted it outlawed since they worried that the development of railroad could hurt jobs in transportation by horse carriages. At that time, Europe had many top universities and many brilliant scientists but things that they invented were suppressed because many economists told governments that these things could destroy jobs in the crafting industry. That was why many scientists and inventors left Europe to America and began the industrial revolution there. If European governments had vision and allowed theses scientists and inventors to continue their works, we may still see the glory of Europe today and America may still be a place full of cowboys and Indians.<\/p>\n

Today we are experiencing the first wave of the information age with personal computer, Internet, mobile phone, robotics but I am sure there will be more to come. For this new age to flourish, a new education system based on science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) must be developed to produce workers who have specific skills and knowledge to think critically, to innovate, and to create a new economy. That kind of high-level work relies on qualities of character of every individual as much as their knowledge and skill.<\/p>\n

I believe that leaders need to understand about the \u201cintangible knowledge\u201d that drives the economy rather than continue with the concept of building physical assets or measurable exports product in factory as taught in many business and economic courses. Today countries cannot rely on factories as \u201cjob creation engine\u201d as in the past. They must avoid the economic model of \u201cExport-led economy\u201d that has relied on consumers in the U.S and Europe to buy cheap export products from them. With the current crisis that is spreading all over Europe, people there will NOT buy much. A slowdown in global economy means developing nations must find other solutions. China has seen its \u201ceconomic miracle\u201d slowed down where exports came to a halt. Even India\u2019s economy was also slowdown but at a much less pace.<\/p>\n

The trend is clear that the \u201cold economic\u201d theory of prosperity by low cost labor and cheap factories is about coming to the end. Developed countries are rather \u201cinsource\u201d rather than \u201coutsource\u201d. In this fast changing time, every country must find its own \u201cjob creation engine\u201d instead of depending on someone to export jobs to them. Universities must focus more on STEM education to meet business needs. Reviving the economy require more people studying innovative technologies because modern factories require skilled workers. This requires vision, determination, and courage to set a new direction to seize the opportunity as competition will be fierce.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi trong nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0: \u201cL\u00e0m sao t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m?\u201d Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-309","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=309"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":312,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/309\/revisions\/312"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=309"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=309"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=309"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}