{"id":3030,"date":"2013-07-08T14:20:23","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T07:20:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3030"},"modified":"2013-07-08T14:20:23","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T07:20:23","slug":"van-de-voi-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3030","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m M\u0129, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao m\u1eb7c cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u0103m l\u00ed do h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ra:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u00e0 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng qua ngay pha l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 sang vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cM\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau” l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y ra l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian, k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ho\u1eb7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trao cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm. B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecf qua ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch cho n\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng ti t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong qui tr\u00ecnh hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng th\u1eddi gian theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e2u t\u1ea1o ra c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u1edbn cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i cao. Trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd tranh c\u00e3i l\u1eabn nhau, o\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch nhau, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i gi\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec chia s\u1ebb. Thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin t\u1ea1o ra l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ea1i g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eddi b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng ti l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u00e9m \u1edf nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, t\u1ed5 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo t\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u00e0n l\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi t\u1eadp trung ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00f4n n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u00f4n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd b\u1ecf qua n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh th\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 theo k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh sang k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o, d\u00f9 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c, k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u00eam nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean m\u1ea1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh v.v. Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn, trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho n\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0n l\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0n l\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 “gian l\u1eadn” cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean v\u1eabn g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau.<\/p>\n

To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd hay m\u1edf c\u00e1c ti\u1ec7n nghi \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc cung c\u1ea5p d\u01b0 th\u1eeba v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, M\u0129 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u00ean 80,000 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 qua ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ecb th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t H1B. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb Nga, v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1eb1ng, khi c\u00f4ng ti ch\u1eadm thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi do ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang. Thay v\u00ec thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n theo k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang. Thay v\u00ec \u0111i sang b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Theo nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Blog152-Problems with software projects<\/p>\n

According to the latest study of the U.S Software industry, many software projects are still failing at very high rate despite so many improvement attempts. The study found many reasons for software failure, following are the top five reasons identified by the study:<\/p>\n

A majority of software developers do not take time to understand customers\u2019 needs. They are not trained to verify requirements with customers but hurry through the planning and design phases to get to coding. This \u201cCode first, ask question later\u201d attitude is the number one reason for many project failure. Eventually, when software is released, developers found out that what they built was not what the customer wanted and they have to fix it and it costs a lot of time and money.<\/p>\n

A majority of project managers do not have the skill to estimate resources, time, size and scope of the project. Most managers either underestimate the efforts or do not estimate at all but based their plans on the schedule given to them by customers. They manage projects according to an unrealistic schedule and cause projects to be late. Because of schedule pressure, many managers asked developers to skip testing to meet the schedule so the final software product is full of defects which in turn cost the company more money and time to fix.<\/p>\n

A majority of project team members are not trained in software process or methods, they do not know how to control changes to the software, losing control of software versions resulting in significant integration and testing issues which in turn create low quality products and cost much more to fix.<\/p>\n

When project is in trouble, managers decide to add more people to \u201cspeed things up\u201d to meet schedule dateline. This creates more problems, confusions, and result in poor quality products that are late and eventually cost more.<\/p>\n

Long working hours creates significant stress for software team members. Many of them skip few steps in the development process such as testing, reviewing to meet the schedule which resulting in high defects product. In stressful situation, team members will argue with each others, blame each others, and then keep the information to themselves rather than sharing. Lack of information creates confusions, redundancies, defects which create more personal problems for software projects. Because of frustration, many leave the company and cause high turnover, which add more problems to the software project.<\/p>\n

The study concluded that all of the above problems are caused by poor software trainings in schools. After reviewing several university curricula, the research team noted that a majority of students are not taught essential software engineering disciplines such as requirements engineering, project management, project planning, software methods and process, and team work. Current academic trainings are focusing mostly on programming languages which is only a small part of the software development process. For many years, the software industry has complained about the lack of discipline training in universities but the issue still remains unsolved. The fact is software engineering disciplines training requires certain industry experiences that many academic professors do not have so they ignore it. Another fact is the software field has changed so fast and it is difficult for professors to keep up with changes. Many universities do not want to risk their reputation by adopting something new that they do not feel comfortable. To change from computer science to software engineering requires profound changes to the teaching method and lessons planning which university can not afford. As with any change, no matter how worthwhile, it always be met by resitance.<\/p>\n

Today, most software projects are large and complex. Software product can rarely be developed by a few persons team. Current methods require development team to be organized in a manner that results in efficient use of people\u2019s skills. There are certain roles, responsibilities for team members and they must be organized according to knowledge, skills and experiences such as project manager, business analyst, requirements specialist, technical leaders, chief architect, platform specialist, network specialist, testers, developers, quality assurance, configuration specialist etc. In large project, communication is crucial so customers, users, managers, team members must work together and communicate with each others on a frequent basis. However teamwork is not taught in traditional academic programs and in traditional academic school, any collaboration among students is considered \u201cCheating\u201d so many students are still having difficulty in working together.<\/p>\n

Globalization begins to change that, as companies can hire people from anywhere and not necessary have to hire them within their borders. With the shortage of software people in a fast expanding industry, many global companies begin to hire software people and bring them to work in their country or opens facilities in country that provide abundant software workers. Each year, the U.S have to bring in over 80,000 software workers, mostly from India via special H1B program. Many European countries are doing the same with qualified workers from Russia, and Eastern Europe. However, the fundamental question is still remain on whether these software people have the proper knowledge and skills?<\/p>\n

The financial crisis begins to change that, as companies are slow to hire due to restricted budget, they have more time to select people with the right skills and right training. Instead of hiring people with degrees from university, many are applying scenario interview techniques to identify workers with the proper knowledge and skills. Instead of go to any country, they are identify countries with good training programs, especially training programs that are current with their needs. According to several software managers, the financial crisis is a short term glitch but staffing is a long term investment so companies still have to plan for the future by identify knowledge workers who can create more opportunities, better products for their businesses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m M\u0129, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 cao m\u1eb7c cho … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3030","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3030"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3030\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3031,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3030\/revisions\/3031"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3030"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3030"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3030"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}