{"id":3026,"date":"2013-07-08T14:17:38","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T07:17:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3026"},"modified":"2013-07-08T14:17:38","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T07:17:38","slug":"loi-khuyen-cho-nguoi-quan-li-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=3026","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao (SM) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (PM)<\/span><\/p>\n

SM<\/b>: Anh c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang gi\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

PM<\/b>: \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i s\u1ebd gi\u1eef t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. T\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 may m\u1eafn. N\u1ebfu t\u00f4i may, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

SM: C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do may m\u1eafn. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd tin “ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u00e3\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Anh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o may m\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

PM: V\u1eady t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

SM: C\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3; th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 20% c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1eebng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

PM: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

SM: Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 b\u00e1n b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n:<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

PM: Anh ng\u1ee5 \u00fd g\u00ec b\u1edfi “\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng”?<\/p>\n

SM: \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng (ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m) v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea1n n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y.<\/p>\n

PM: V\u00e2ng. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed t\u00f4i c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

SM: X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u00e1i v\u00e0o cho qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00ean t\u1edbi t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n giao cho h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n giao duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay m\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v.v. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u00fang khi n\u00e0o? Trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong pha s\u1edbm c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 20% n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

PM: Anh c\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng 20% l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

SM: T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec pha n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sai ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh \u00edt h\u01a1n 5% c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 50% c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m sai v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda n\u00f3 v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t b\u1ef1c b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

PM: V\u00e2ng, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a anh v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ti\u1ebfp?<\/p>\n

SM: B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t. T\u00f4i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u201cX\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng cho h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m. Lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m, m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

PM: \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao anh t\u00ecm ra th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y? T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i b\u1eadn b\u1ecbu h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

SM: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u1ef1a \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean, t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 sau:<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Cung c\u1ea5p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n trong ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

PM: Anh nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi “Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o.\u201d Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

SM: B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u hay ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra, hay b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n l\u1ef1a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mau l\u1eb9. T\u1eebng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft b\u1ea1n \u0111ang \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qui tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1n h\u1ecd b\u1ecf ra. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 an ninh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111o gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1i g\u00ec sai v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, th\u1eed ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n \u1edf b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c s\u0129 n\u00e0o s\u1ebd ch\u1eefa cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1eady, l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n? \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111o thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho b\u1ea1n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111e do\u1ea1 cho t\u1ed5. \u0110\u1eebng d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u trung th\u1ef1c, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n t\u1eeb t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

PM: T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o. Nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u khi h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n? \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea1m vi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

SM: L\u00e0m sao b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n? L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang cho th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. T\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 cho. N\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 cho, th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1eddi gian ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y giao h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

PM: Anh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o v\u1eady?<\/p>\n

SM: B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1i g\u00ec cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u1edbn th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian, th\u00eam t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1eebng ng\u00e0y giao h\u00e0ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u1ef1a ng\u00e0y x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 cho ti\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho b\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed cho c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i cao cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ngh\u0129 t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong 6 th\u00e1ng khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103m cho n\u00ean k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

SM: Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng may, r\u1ea5t \u00edt ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y. Trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f3 ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn: Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay ph\u1ea1m vi), t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u (Ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng). N\u1ebfu \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng cho b\u1ea1n th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea5y th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng r\u1ed3i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Qui t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c tr\u1eb7c.<\/p>\n

PM: \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5y. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i ch\u1ea3y. Anh n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

SM: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0 Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG gi\u00fap g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

PM: V\u00e2ng, v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa?<\/p>\n

SM: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng) b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00edt vi\u1ec7c h\u01a1n ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng m\u1ee9c \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ngay m\u1ed9t l\u00fac cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u0103ng nh\u1ecf. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p mau l\u1eb9 r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. B\u1ea1n chia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf. Khi c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n giao th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 theo vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng trong t\u1ed5. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t; ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

PM: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

SM: B\u1ea1n ngh\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o may m\u1eafn hay k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh? B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3y ra cho b\u1ea1n? Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n r\u1ed3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Kh\u00f4ng may, ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0o l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd m\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ecfi v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed3i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1edb l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng \u00edch g\u00ec cho ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 hai k\u0129 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

PM: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

SM: C\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ec3m tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 cho, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n vi ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n trong pha ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1ch quan cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n th\u00ec h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc ng\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

PM: Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i?<\/p>\n

SM: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qui tr\u00ecnh chu\u1ea9n cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u1eebng qui tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1eebng pha nh\u01b0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v.v. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho t\u1eebng pha nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n mua c\u00e1i n\u00e0o. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

PM: T\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft qui tr\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch?<\/p>\n

SM: B\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ai kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u1ea1n? Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng? Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1, ph\u1ea1m vi, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2u trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y.
\nPM: Anh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Anh ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf sao?<\/p>\n

SM: V\u00e2ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. T\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti l\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong chi ti\u00eau ti\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t keo ki\u1ec7t trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thanh \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. H\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, trong th\u1eddi kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eadm, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac cho b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

PM: T\u00f4i \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f4m nay. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a anh v\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p \u0111i v\u1edbi cam k\u1ebft c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o may m\u1eafn m\u00e0 v\u00e0o k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i trong th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Advice for software project manager<\/p>\n

Following is a conversation between a Senior Manager (SM) who advise a Software Project Manager (PM)<\/p>\n

SM: Do you know how to keep your job in this financial crisis when many companies are reducing people?<\/p>\n

PM: My boss will keep me if my project does well. However I do not know why some projects succeed and others fail. I guess it is a matter of luck. If I am lucky, I can keep my job.<\/p>\n

SM: Projects mostly fail due to a lack of planning and managing, not luck. Most people skip planning and just jump into coding thinking that they will do well because they believe \u201csoftware is code\u201d. Many have not even taken the time to define what problems they must solve. You can not count on luck to keep your job.<\/p>\n

PM: So what should I do to ensure a successful project?<\/p>\n

SM: There is a software process that every project manager must follow. Coding is the easiest thing to do because most people are trained to code but not train about software process. Software work is more than coding; actually coding phase is only about 20% of the total efforts. Don’t make the same mistake as others by putting too much effort into coding; it will waste your time, leaving you with a lot of problems.<\/p>\n

PM: What is this software process?<\/p>\n

SM: The Software process is a set of steps that you must do. As project manager you need to:<\/p>\n

Evaluate your customer’s business needs.<\/p>\n

Define the requirements and verify with customers and users.<\/p>\n

Build a good project team.<\/p>\n

Identify a standard process and software metrics.<\/p>\n

Create a project plan with estimates.<\/p>\n

Negotiate with customers<\/p>\n

Train your project team and managing them accordingly.<\/p>\n

PM: What do you mean by “evaluating customer’s business needs”?<\/p>\n

SM: To begin, you need to look at your customer’s business needs. A project is only successful when the needs of customers and users are met .This is the most important to your projects because their needs dictate what your development process will be. You must understand their problems before you can come up with a solution. Beside that, you need to know your customers (People who pay for the product) and users (People who use the product) and discussing things with them, build relationship with them and let them know that you are there to support them. You must remember that they are the ones that will ultimately pay for your efforts and support you if things do not go well.<\/p>\n

PM: OK. Suppose I have good relationship with them and understand their needs, what’s next?<\/p>\n

SM: Define requirements for the project. Input to this process should come from your customer, users, business analysts, and managers. Start by fully understanding all the things that you must do including things that you must deliver to them. Many people think the only delivery is the software product or code. That is not correct, there are much more such as requirements document, architect document, user interface document, design document, test cases etc. All of these require a lot of works so the best thing to do is asking your customers what kind of things that they need and when do they expect them? Communication is critical during the early phase of the project. This is where you should spend at least 20% of the effort to get the requirements correct.<\/p>\n

PM: Do you think that 20% is too much. It is almost the same effort as coding.<\/p>\n

SM: I would spend more time in requirements phase than anything other phases. Requirements dictate everything, wrong requirements means project failure. This is the time that you must invest a lot of efforts to understand what customers want and what do they expect. Failure to capture requirements is the most common factor in project failure. Most people spend less than 5% of effort during requirements but more than 50% effort in coding and that is why so many software projects failed. If they do not understand requirements, they will build the wrong thing and then have to fix it which costs more and make customers very angry because they do not get what they want in a timely manner.<\/p>\n

PM: OK, I think I understand your point so what is next?<\/p>\n

SM: The next step is to build a good project team. I like the work \u201cBuilding\u201d and because it takes time to build a good team. You must understand your teams\u2019 knowledge and skills so you can assign works to them accordingly. You need to build a good team with clearly defined roles and responsibilities so everybody is accountable. Keep in mind, every new project is a new opportunity to improve things and it always has a better chance of success when everybody understands what they are supposed to do.<\/p>\n

PM: That is all good, but how do you find the time to accomplish all this? I’m only one person with enough things already to keep me busy full time.<\/p>\n

SM: Building a good project team is the key factor for project success. Selecting the right people that are knowledgeable and open-minded enough to work together is always at challenge but it is the job of project manager and you must choose carefully. People in the team must be technically competent, patient, possess good teamwork skills, and experience enough to function successfully. Besides the above responsibilities, this team will need to perform the following duties:<\/p>\n

Understand the customer\u2019s needs.<\/p>\n

Establish goals, strategies, and action plans.<\/p>\n

Provide cost estimates for their task.<\/p>\n

Train and support others.<\/p>\n

Improve their processes using customer satisfaction surveys.<\/p>\n

Besides their expertise, you need their supports and commitments to help you in the validation of the requirements. I would spend a lot of efforts in building the team because a good team means you have better chance to succeed.<\/p>\n

PM: You mentioned “Identify standard process and metrics\u201d. How do we do this?<\/p>\n

SM: You must identify a standard process that your team should follow and a set of software metrics. The standard process is depending on the customer\u2019s requirements whether they are well-defined and documented or they are still changing so you can select appropriate process and methods accordingly. You could select a waterfall lifecycles, an incremental release lifecycle, or you may want to select agile method. Each lifecycle requires different process. As project manager, you must know where you are and how well you are doing throughout the process. You must demonstrate your leadership and management skills to your boss by having weekly status report so they know what they got for their money. For your career’s security, you need metrics to prove to management that you are managing the project and have data to prove it. Metrics helps you find out what is wrong and how to fix it. Let me give you an example, think of software project as a patient in a hospital. No doctor would treat a patient without knowing all the symptoms. Similarly, how do you manage the project without knowing the problems of the project? Metrics gather data for you as you need to know the status of the project in order to take corrective actions. However, metrics must be non-threatening to the team. Don’t use them for personnel appraisals, judgments; just use metrics for process improvement and continued monitor your project. Otherwise, the team only report what they think you want to see than it is useless. You must require honest, accurate, and consistent data from the team.<\/p>\n

PM: My organization has a lot of software problems that could probably benefit from metrics. But how do I ask them to estimate and collect data when they are very busy working on project? My boss insists on getting the project done on time and within certain budget.<\/p>\n

SM: How do you know the given schedule is correct if you do not estimate your works? As Project manager, you must breakdown requirements into many tasks and assign them to team members. Each member must estimate how long it will take to complete their assignment and report to you. You can combine all these time estimates into a project schedule estimates and compare with the given schedule. If your estimates match the given schedule, then it is perfect but most of the time, they do not match so you must negotiate with your manager and customers on the delivery date.<\/p>\n

PM: What kind of negotiation are you talking about?<\/p>\n

SM: By knowing what the project must deliver to customers and what need to be done, including the amount of time required to complete all tasks you can determine whether you can meet the customer\u2019s delivery date or not. If there is a big difference then you must negotiate the delivery date with customer by either request more time, additional resources or change the amount of works of the project. Negotiation is an important skill for every project manager that is not taught in most technical courses but it is an essential skill of every project manager. You must understand that most customers only guess the delivery date as they do not know exactly how long it will take so they select an approximately date for convenience. This is your chance to explain to them how do you come up with the required time based on your estimates and achieve a mutual agreement on the final delivery date. However, to some customers, delivery date is the most important as it relates with other businesses so it is critical that customer and project manager agree on a date that is reasonable for both sides. Because most customers do not understand software and project activities, they have high expectation so it is important to have several meetings to discuss on what can be done and what can not. As project manager, you do not want to get into situations where the needs and expectations do not match. For example, customer thinks the team can do it in 6 months when it may take a whole year so communication and negotiation skill are extremely important.<\/p>\n

SM: Negotiation is the most important skill of software project manager. Unfortunately, very few training programs provide this kind of training. During negotiation, there are three factors that project manager should discuss: The amount of works (Functionality or scope), resources (people) and schedule (Date). If your schedule estimate and customer\u2019s delivery date does not match, you could ask the customer to give you more time by changing the delivery date. You can negotiate on having additional people for the project and you must do this at the beginning of the project. More people with the right skills can speed up the project, more people can reduce the work load of team members. However, adding more people in the middle of a project when things do not work well could be a disaster. More people will disrupt project works that is already in stress. More people mean more communications and increase complexity of team dynamics. New people are not familiar with project works need time to learn, that mean people who do works have to spend time training new people and take away precious time for their works. Since tasks in software project would usually depend on others\u2019 tasks, one person\u2019s failure could drastically damage project progress. My rule is never added more people in the middle of the project especially when project is in trouble.<\/p>\n

PM: That is interesting. Most managers would add more people to project when things do not work well. You are saying the opposite.<\/p>\n

SM: That is why so many software projects failed. It seems that these managers do not have experiences in managing software projects. Software project is NOT a construction project.\u00a0 In construction project such as building a house, adding more people will help accelerate it but in software project it will NOT help but create more problems. From my experience, it is important to negotiate for additional people at the beginning of the project when you need to meet customer\u2019s schedule.<\/p>\n

PM: OK, so what else could project manager negotiate?<\/p>\n

SM: Project manager could also ask for reducing amount of works (functionality) because less works mean you could complete the requirements within the time permitted so project could be successfully completed as expected. However, if the software product does not have all functional required, users may not be happy. The best way is to ask users for priority to determine which functions you can do first and which could be delay to later time using an incremental release approach. Today, most software is large and complex it is very difficult to do everything in one time so it is important to build the software in small incremental steps. You need to work closely with customers to get their priority and freeze the requirements for each step before starting the design. This is where agile method is well suite for better project management. You break a large project into many small pieces and implement each piece as a small project. When both sides have a firm agreement on the delivery schedule then project manager could start to assign team members by their roles and responsibilities. In software project, no one work alone but always in a team. Teamwork is NOT a group of people working in isolation, each do its own things but a cooperative effort by all members of a team to achieve a common goal. This is where team building is essential; project manager must communicate and provide leadership in team building.<\/p>\n

PM: That is asking too much of a project manager.<\/p>\n

SM: What do you think a successful software project manager should do? Should they rely on their lucks or their skills? Do you want to increase the chance of success and keep your job or let things happen to you? Project management is a skill that requires training to have the basic knowledge then apply it in real project to improve your skill. Unfortunately, today many companies promote good technical people into project manager without any training. This is a big mistake as many will fail and they lose a good technical people and gain a bad project manager. If you want to succeed, you must take training in software project manager. There are project management trainings but many are NOT software project management training so you must distinguish them. Software is so unique and requires instructors to have a lot of experiences, without it all you may receive is a lot of theories that may not be helpful to you career. Team building and negotiation are two skills but there are more such as communication. To ensure the team understands the requirements and goals, project manager must communicate often to the team. Communication is both ways so the team also must let project manager know everything about their tasks and their opinions. It is important to have a weekly progress report describing how the project is performing, and what task has been achieved.<\/p>\n

PM: That’s a lot of things and data that I have to collect.<\/p>\n

SM: There are tools to help you gather analysis data on your project. These tools will help you analyze the complexity of your software, check the project status, evaluate the impact of a given modification, and identify standards violations. This data will help you during the validation phase and provides objective data to the management of software project. A good software manager should know these tools and if needed take a short course on how to use these tools.<\/p>\n

PM: But what if I can’t find a tool that exactly fits all my requirements?<\/p>\n

SM: There may not be a tool that satisfies everything. You must define your software standard process and plan how these tools can fit into each process as well as what needs to be done in each phases such as architect, design, validation, integration, training, etc. There are tools for each phase such as architecture tools, tools for design, and tools for collect metrics, tools for testing so you must decide which one you want to buy. It is at this point that you must make a basic decision regarding your project and how many tool that you need because you will need budget for them. That is why software project manager also need to understand financial and budgeting and these must also be taught in software project management course.<\/p>\n

PM: Why technical people need to know business process such as finance and budgeting?<\/p>\n

SM: You are a project manger and that is the job of a manager. Who else would do that for you? Assume your boss give you a budget that is half of what you need, could you complete the project successfully? Many software project managers are passive and do not know how to negotiate, do not know what to ask, do not know estimate size, scope, resources, budget and tools. They need training or else they will never be successful in their career. A company that does not invest in training will not survive long in this competitive environment.
\nPM: You are emphasizing too much on training. Do you think training is that important?<\/p>\n

SM: Yes, it is the most important and the best investment a company can make. I think this is the major weakness of many companies that do not understand the nature of software. They have no problem in spending money on hardwares but very stingy in training for their people. Training provides knowledge and skills and should be considering an ongoing process. Training should never stop as technology is changing fast. More than ever, during the financial crisis when everything is slow, this is the time for you to take training and the time to train your people on the skill that they will need when things returning to normal.<\/p>\n

PM: I guess that’s all the time we have today. But I appreciate your advices and let me leave you with my commitment to improve my skills. I understand that I can not depend on luck but my skills in this time of uncertainty. Project management requires a deep understanding of how software should be planned and estimated. Good project manager should know how to negotiate with customer and know how to build the team. There is no ways to be the best software manager without additional training.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao (SM) ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3026","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-hoi-va-dap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3026","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3026"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3026\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3027,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3026\/revisions\/3027"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3026"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3026"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3026"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}