{"id":2984,"date":"2013-07-08T13:17:35","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T06:17:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2984"},"modified":"2013-07-08T13:17:35","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T06:17:35","slug":"quan-li-du-an-phan-mem-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2984","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi v\u00e0i sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh doanh (MBA). H\u1ecd h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi h\u1ecd, t\u00f4i h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh. T\u00f4i KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi qu\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng l\u00ed do hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m hay k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. H\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201cl\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u phi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf\u201d t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1ed3i bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 cho b\u1ea1n ba th\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y ngay v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd “r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i “l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u” cho ch\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n cho c\u00f4ng ti khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u00eau nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i chi ti\u00eau.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, h\u1ecd \u201cl\u1eadp l\u1ecbch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d t\u1eeb h\u1ea1n ch\u00f3t \u0111\u00e3 cho v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng cho h\u1ecd s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng th\u00ec b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: Th\u00e1ng s\u00e1u: Chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, Th\u00e1ng n\u0103m: Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m; Th\u00e1ng ba v\u00e0 b\u1ed1n: Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3; Th\u00e1ng hai: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang: X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5. H\u1ecd th\u00eam ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n cho t\u1eebng pha. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u201cl\u1ea1c quan\u201d t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa kinh doanh h\u00e0n l\u00e2m nh\u01b0 \u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c: Chi ph\u00ed = K\u00edch c\u1ee1 x \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\/n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 c\u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o “d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c” b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ba nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft: K\u00edch c\u1ee1, \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Trong l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cho sinh vi\u00ean nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh chi ph\u00ed nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 hay \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a m\u00e3. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u00e0o, m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 may r\u1ee7i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p cho ph\u00ed v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n KH\u00d4NG bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd tin \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u00f3i cho h\u1ecd l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p hay tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0o y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3, g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean ba m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u01b0 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi, k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u1ea5t b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai v\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch thu\u00ea v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi then ch\u1ed1t, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 giao di\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng cho \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. H\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y sang d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. K\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed “lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi” n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi cho t\u1edbi khi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 quay l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t khi m\u1ed9t k\u0129 n\u0103ng then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00f2n m\u1ecfi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec k\u00e9o d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng theo d\u00f5i \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0m t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac b\u1ea9y c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean cho c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. H\u1ecd ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u; ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 5 ng\u00e0y trong 2 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 3 ng\u00e0y trong \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 10 ng\u00e0y do k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y hay h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ai kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho t\u1edbi khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u0129 n\u0103ng, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea5u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, thay v\u00ec l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1edfi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 hay bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u00eam s\u1ee9c \u00e9p cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c linh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t hay th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00eam n\u1eefa. Khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n giao nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, h\u1ecd ra l\u1ec7nh cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0i th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian. Thi\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i r\u1ed3i c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng KH\u00d4NG h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m kinh doanh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Khi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y x\u1ea3y ra, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh MBA c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1ch ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5? C\u00e1ch nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed5 thay v\u00ec l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0: Cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ai \u0111\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kinh doanh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p MBA qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t PH\u1ea2I c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m u\u1ef7 nhi\u1ec7m “ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c\u201d. B\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m GI\u1eceI l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao cho h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing software projects<\/p>\n

Last week, I had a meeting with several students from the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program. They asked me why so many software projects failed and whether a business manager graduate from the MBA program could manage software projects.\u00a0 Before answering them, I asked about their opinions. They believe that since they are trained in management, they could manage anything and that is what they are taught in business schools. I do NOT agree with that view so following are my discussion on software project management:<\/p>\n

There are many reasons for software project failure but the most obvious reason is project managers do not have the experiences or the skills to manage the projects. Many project managers promise customers anything just to please them without really knows how long it will take and how much efforts are required. They accept an \u201cunrealistic schedules\u201d from customers then force project teams to follow. Of course, this is a formula for failure because if it needs six months but customer only give you three months then you can not complete it by working harder. Many managers do not plan but jump quickly into code to prove to their senior managers that they are \u201cvery active\u201d. Without careful planning, they will miss many important things and then have to \u201credo\u201d them. This lack of planning costs a lot of money for the company as the project spends more than it makes.<\/p>\n

My question is: Does the MBA program teach software estimates and software planning?<\/p>\n

Because many project managers do not know how to estimate schedule, they \u201cschedule backward\u201d from the given dateline and hope things will be fine. For example project starts in January and customers give them six months then the plan will look like this: June: Deliver software, May: Test software; March and April: Coding; February: Design and January: Build team. They just add the date in a plan without knowing anything about how to estimate the time required for each phase. Sometime they use \u201coptimistic\u201d technique from academic business text book such as cost estimate using the formula: Cost = Size x complexity\/productivity. This is correct in theory but CAN NOT applies in \u201cReal project\u201d because it has three unknown factors: Size, Complexity, and Productivity. In classrooms, professors give students those factors to calculate cost but in reality, especially at the beginning of project, it is difficult to estimate size or complexity of the code. In any event, all initial cost estimates are potential risk, without carefully reviewed and adjustment, the company may end up underestimate the costs and lose money. This happens a lot in software industry today.<\/p>\n

My question is: Does the MBA program teach software scheduling and cost estimates adjustment?<\/p>\n

Many project managers do NOT know how to obtain requirements from customers. They believe what customers tell them is \u201cGood enough\u201d. Without verification or follow requirement analysis method to identify what customers really need, they will work with the given requirements. Of course, customers always change their minds and often add more functionality to their requirements. These will cause more changes in the project and in turn, causes more reworks, more times, and eventually delay the project. A software project is NOT just programming but come up with a solution for a business problem. To understand software requirements, managers must understand business requirements, system requirements, hardware requirements because software requirements operate on these three levels.<\/p>\n

My question is: Does the MBA program teach requirements development, user issues, hardware issues, requirements verification and validation? Does it modeling techniques using software tools?<\/p>\n

Many project managers are not trained in estimate resources such as the number of people needed, their required skills, so they just get anybody available to work on the project. When project has wrong person with limited skill, productivity will suffer. Many managers do not know how to hire and retaining key people, they do not know about all the skills needed to develop software but think all software people are programmers. Without technical knowledge in detail architect, design, hardware and system interfaces, they may assign the wrong people to the task that they do not qualify and the result could be a disaster. Without a profile of people with certain expertise needed to perform work the project will fail.<\/p>\n

Another common mistake that many managers do not allow sufficient time required for team members to learn about the project before they start. Learning about project\u2018s requirements takes time and should be considered into the project plans. Many companies are having several projects requiring similar skills so they shift their key people from one project to another based on the priority among the projects. This “moving people around” management technique wastes precious productivity because it takes team members time to get acquainted with the project they are being assigned to. This practice also results in one project having to stop work temporary until the team member comes back to the project. This is particularly critical when a key skill is involved and it slowdown project schedule and contributes to employee burnout as people have to work too many things for extended periods.<\/p>\n

Many managers are so busy and they do not track what their people do each day. They do not know about their activities so they can leverage their skills for productivity. They assign people to work on tasks according to a schedule; as long as they meet the schedule then there is no problem. However, there are members who could finish a 5 days task in 2 days and other who could not complete a 3 day task for at least 10 days due to their skills and the assignment. Without review activities on a daily or weekly basis, managers do not know who needs help and who do not until problem happens. The understanding of work distribution, of assignment of tasks and the knowledge about skills are critical in every software project.<\/p>\n

My question is: Does the MBA program teach software development process, skill training, skill identification, and works assignment?<\/p>\n

What will happen when something bad occurs in software project? Without proper training, many managers become angry, instead of leading and supporting the project team, they discourage them by demand that they must do certain things or accuse them for not working harder. This will add pressures to the volatile working environment and reduce productivity or team members, which in turn will delay project furthermore. When they see that it is near the delivery date but their team is still coding, they order them to skip a few things such as reviews or tests to save time. In the absence of testing, software will have many defects then the company has to correct them. This will require more times, more efforts, more money and more delays. Of course, customers are NOT happy and may not want to do business with the company in the future. When problems happen, many managers force the team to work more hours for extended periods to fix mistakes of unrealistic schedule so many team members quit before the project is completed.<\/p>\n

My question is: Does the MBA program teach how to manage technical people? How to coordinate teamwork? How to nurture the team rather than abuse them?<\/p>\n

What can we do to avoid these mistakes?<\/p>\n

The obvious answer is: Provide better training to software managers but is training alone be sufficient enough? Is it possible for someone who does NOT have software knowledge to manage software project? Is it possible for an MBA graduated business person to manage software project? Can a business trained manager manage everything?<\/p>\n

I believe good software managers MUST have both technical and business experiences. They must work in software development for many years so they understand all the activities within a project. They must receive training in estimation of time; efforts and planning schedules and actually perform these works in real projects to improve their skills. They must understand that planning never stop but constantly updated as things always change. A good project manager always learns how to negotiate with customers and never make mistake of mandate the \u201cunrealistic schedule date\u201d. Because of these requirements, a GOOD software manager is very hard to find and that is why many global software companies are willing to pay top salary for them.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi v\u00e0i sinh vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea1c s\u0129 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb kinh doanh (MBA). H\u1ecd h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2984","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2984","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2984"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2984\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2985,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2984\/revisions\/2985"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2984"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2984"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2984"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}