{"id":2955,"date":"2013-07-08T11:14:18","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T04:14:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2955"},"modified":"2013-07-08T11:14:18","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T04:14:18","slug":"ki-nang-va-tien-bo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2955","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh KH\u00d4NG g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, KH\u00d4NG ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hay thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, KH\u00d4NG vi\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, hay vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 L\u1ea0C H\u1eacU v\u00ec vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hay K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 H\u01a0N vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Tu\u1ef3 theo ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf hay l\u1edbn, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1u th\u00e0 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u01b0a th\u00edch thu\u00ea c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, K\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, Chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft m\u00e3; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f4i khi t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t trong c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 KH\u00d4NG c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i trong c\u00f4ng ti nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Theo c\u1ea3nh quan gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, t\u00f4i tin m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i). Sau khi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, L\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG bi\u1ebft qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng hi\u1ec3u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Bi\u1ebft thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan trong v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd bao qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m tranh c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4n th\u1ebf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n l\u00e0m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. T\u00f4i KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u1ed3ng \u200e v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0o k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch li h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh quan h\u1eb9p s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v.v.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean KH\u00d4NG mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u00edch vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc C, C++. Java, Dot.Net, Network, J2EE v.v. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb r\u1ea5t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u1eabn ki\u1ebfm s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111ang \u0111i v\u00e0o trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ee3 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 Nam M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u Phi. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Chile, Argentina, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Congo, v\u00e0 Kenya c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m qu\u00e3ng 20% c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i tin ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 sau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG \u0111i c\u00f9ng n\u00f3, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ee5t l\u1ea1i sau. Ng\u00e0y nay khi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed \u0111a l\u00f5i v\u00e0 lai, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1ea3o ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u201ck\u1ebft c\u1ea5u\u201d (c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00ed n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft qua m\u1ea1ng), k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u00e2y, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 Web, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i gia t\u0103ng (d\u1eef li\u1ec7u do m\u00e1y t\u00ednh sinh ra v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p), v\u00e0 ng\u1eef ngh\u0129a n\u00e2ng cao (ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n ngh\u0129a) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u khi so s\u00e1nh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00f2n hai n\u0103m. Ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u1ea3o ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u00e2y, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn CNTT v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 trong Pascal hay C s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n m\u1ecdi n\u0103m, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 Ruby, Ajax, Enterprise 2.0, Web 2.0, SEO, Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 (Saas), T\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u00e2y, H\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 C++, Java, Dot.Net, hay J2EE ng\u00e0y nay v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trung b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft. Trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (CRM), L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean doanh nghi\u1ec7p (ERP), v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p (SCM) v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Skills and progress<\/p>\n

The traditional view of Computer Science training is to develop programmers to write code and fix defects. Most programmers do NOT meet customers, do NOT architect or design systems, do NOT write requirements, or write automated test cases but only write code. This view is now OBSOLETE as coding is only a small part of the entire software development. Today, software people graduate from Computer Science or Software Engineering must do much MORE than programming. Depend on where they work, whether it is small or large company, then their training can really make the difference in their success or failure.<\/p>\n

In small company, software people must do multiple things as needed. It is NOT possible just to write code or test. Small companies need software people who are capable to do whatever it takes to help the project succeed. That is why most small companies rather hire software engineer than computer science graduates because they know about the training for these degrees. The key factor in small company is the flexibility and versatility of software people.<\/p>\n

Big company organizes the development process into special areas so they prefer to hire specialists who have experiences. Their jobs often require many year of experiences in specific area such as Software architect, Requirements engineer, Business analyst, Software tester, Quality assurance specialist etc. In this case, every job is specifically focusing on a specialty. For example Architects design; Programmers write code; Technical Leads manage programmers; Project Managers plan and monitor project activities. The key factor in big company is distinguishing roles, responsibilities and accountabilities.<\/p>\n

Flexibility and roles sometime create problem to software people. A person who has been doing well in large company may NOT feel comfortable in smaller company and vice versa. From the education and training perspective, I believe every software student must first learn the fundamental concept of software development or programming (Write code and fix defects). After master the programming, students must also learn the supporting skills such as Testing, Configuration management, Quality assurance, Documentation, Requirement analysis. Actually it is these supporting skills that make the difference between a programmer and a developer. The developer has a much larger view and an ability to see the entire development process. Programmers who only write code and test their works have much narrower view and do NOT know development process. Software engineer training go further into the entire systems by understand business problems, architect and design solutions, select appropriate hardwares and most of all, they also understand the managing aspect of software project.<\/p>\n

Because of the difference in programs and trainings, some students do better than the others. A good programmer may NOT be a good software developer. Coding is important but insufficient in term of software development. A good developer may NOT be the person who can solve business problems. Knowing to design and code are essential but inadequate in term of solving business problem. It is important for student to understand the different training programs, what they cover and select the appropriate one. Many academic professors argue that current undergraduate program must teach so many subjects, students have to take so many courses so more training in software development is too much. It is better to let programmer write code and hire others, more experienced people to do other activities. I do NOT agree with that view because it limits students to a trivial skill and insulate them from everything in software development. Today, technologies have changed so fast, having a narrow perspective will hurt them more than helping them to advance into software professionals. Today, software workers must understand the business of the customers and users. They must help customers solving problems. If the school does not teach these skills then it is important for software workers to take additional trainings in configuration management, quality assurance or tech support etc.<\/p>\n

Some students do NOT want to be software developers or software engineer. They only want to be programmers as they like to code and learning C, C++. Java, Dot.Net, Network, J2EE etc. Of course, they can find works but their future is very limited. They may learn additional skills at their companies, as they have experiences they can move from programmer to developer but it takes time. The software industry is changing fast because technology is changing rapidly. Software workers who do not keep up with these changes could be left behind. Workers should keep up with new technology to identify opportunities and determine how these technologies impact their jobs. If they don\u2019t, they could be out of work.<\/p>\n

Today some programmers still make good living just by writing code but programming jobs will change as programmers from lower cost countries are moving into the market and compete. Few years ago, there are many programmers in the U.S and Europe but as programmers from India and China begin to enter the market, most of them either change jobs or have to learn new skills to stay employed. Today, India and Chinese programmers are afraid of losing works to lower cost countries such as S. America and Africa. I have seen many programmers from countries such as Chile, Argentina, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Congo, and Kenya compete successfully against India and China as they make about 20% of what an average programmer in China made.<\/p>\n

I believe either you learn now or learn later but you can not stay with the same skill forever. The world is changing quickly and if you do NOT move with it, you will be left behind. Today as new technologies such as the use of multi-core and hybrid processors, virtualization and \u201cfabric\u201d computing (linking processors across a network), social networking, cloud computing, Web technology, ubiquitous computing, contextual computing, augmented reality (blending computer-generated and real-world data), and advanced semantics (the meaning-assigned software language) have change the software industry significantly as compare with just only two years ago. Soon many companies will start with virtualization and cloud computing, a software company or IT department that operates in the traditional way will NOT be able to compete, a programmer whose skill is mostly code in Pascal or C will not be able to find employment.<\/p>\n

As technology keeps changing faster and faster every year, you must continue to learn new thing to meet the market demand. In the very near future, things such as Ruby, Ajax, Enterprise 2.0, Web 2.0, SEO, Social software, Consumption models, Software as a service (Saas), Cloud computing, Context Oriented will be as common as today C++, Java, Dot.Net, or J2EE as the software working environment continue to change and becoming more complex. All these things have added to what the average software developer must know. In very near future, software developer must work closely with the business where part of the business interacts with another part of the business. They must understand the concept of Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), and Supply Chain Management (SCM) as thing should be managed at the program or portfolio levels. That is why to succeed, students need to adopt the lifelong learning and continue to learn new things as they come.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. Ph\u1ea7n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2955"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2956,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2955\/revisions\/2956"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}