{"id":2939,"date":"2013-07-08T10:38:20","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:38:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2939"},"modified":"2013-07-08T10:38:20","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:38:20","slug":"quan-li-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2939","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng coi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng khi nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c coi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1\u00a0 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nghe b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian cho l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t \u00edt th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 sau.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u00edch vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd ki\u1ec3m c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m v\u00e0 trang t\u00ednh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u bao qu\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 hay \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n hay tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a cho h\u1ecd. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, trong ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u0129 thu\u1eadt hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed; s\u1ebd c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i hay c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ee5 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho t\u1edbi khi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, h\u1ecd ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t. V\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch cho h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m” cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng g\u1eedi t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ed5 sung. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng theo k\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi “ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu k\u0129 n\u0103ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1ec9 23% d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, theo ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. 77% d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u1edbi \u00edt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Trong 35 n\u0103m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00f4i ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e3 m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fac d\u1ea1y nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho sinh vi\u00ean h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh c\u1ea3 ba n\u0103m h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project Management<\/p>\n

Managing software projects is difficult because requirements and technology always change and most managers do not receive any formal training on how to manage software project. Experienced managers know how to spend time at the beginning of the project to meet with customers to understand their needs and their expectations. Some customers consider schedule is important when others think quality is more important. By knowing which factor is important, they can plan the project accordingly.<\/p>\n

Inexperienced managers like to finish planning quickly so they can code. That is why many of them do not succeed because they do not know exactly what customers want.<\/p>\n

Experienced managers know how to balance project\u2019s critical factors such as functionality, budget, schedule, and quality objectives. By carefully consider each factor with the project plan; they can negotiate with customers for changes in schedule, costs and resources. Negotiation is one of the most important skills of project manager but rarely taught in school. Experienced managers know how to work with customers and negotiate on what is realistically achievable. They always planning, negotiating, balancing, asking, and listening because they know the more time they spend in planning, the less time they have to solve problem later.<\/p>\n

Inexperienced managers like to code, but do not like to plan.<\/p>\n

Experienced managers always decompose project works into smaller tasks so they can estimate more accurately. They check their estimates with team members, asking their opinions, consolidate data before plan the schedule. They also use checklists and planning worksheets for these tasks that cover all the steps needed.<\/p>\n

Inexperienced managers do not know how to decompose or estimate, they just guess or follow whatever schedule the customer give to them. Without proper time and unreasonable schedule, they never complete the project on time.<\/p>\n

There is NO perfect project. Almost all projects will have problems, during technical reviews or test; there will be defects or other issues that have to be reworked. Experienced managers know how to plan for rework by set aside some extra time in the overall project plan so the project team will have enough time to fix problems and not hurry into other activities.<\/p>\n

Inexperienced managers do not know how to plan for rework, they assume everything is fine until something happen, they get panic. Since they do not know how to control the problems, the problems will control them.<\/p>\n

Experienced managers understand the important of training. They determine how much time team members need training to improve their skills and prepare time and budget for them. They understand that a highly skilled team is the key factor for success and willing to invest in their own people.<\/p>\n

Inexperienced managers do not value training. They consider it as a \u201ccost\u201d so they do not send their team for additional training. Even the best people will need training and without it, their skills may become obsolete as they do not keep up with technology changes. No project can succeed with \u201cunskilled people\u201d.<\/p>\n

According to latest study, only 23% of software project completed on time, on budget with all required functionalities. 77% of software project are late, over budget with fewer functionalities and need more time, more money to fix problems.<\/p>\n

In my 35 years working in the industry, I never see a project failed because the project team can not code but I have seen so many projects failed because project managers do not have the skill required to manage project.<\/p>\n

Is it about time to teach more software project management for our students rather than having them spend three years in coding?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2939","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2939","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2939"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2939\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2940,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2939\/revisions\/2940"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2939"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2939"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2939"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}