{"id":2923,"date":"2013-07-08T10:26:15","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:26:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2923"},"modified":"2013-07-08T10:26:15","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:26:15","slug":"loi-khuyen-khac-cho-nguoi-quan-li-du-an","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2923","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean kh\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay ‘b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn’ v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ch\u00edn mu\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian cho n\u00ean ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. Khi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp t\u1ed1t, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, do \u0111\u00f3 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. N\u01a1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed5, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra nh\u01b0 r\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ra m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 g\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang.\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0 C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u201cK\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed’ c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ‘l\u00e0m’ hay ‘ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o’ v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ‘h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch sai \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi KH\u00d4NG ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.\u00a0 Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi khi thi\u1ebfu n\u00f3. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bao g\u1ed3m trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 u\u1ef7 quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG ra l\u1ec7nh\u201d. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m hay l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gay go, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng x\u1ea5u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho h\u1ecd b\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 m\u1eb7c cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o hay s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo t\u1ed5. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1edfi m\u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd hi\u1ec3u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. K\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe. Thi\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a l\u00e0, cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc n\u00f3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n m\u1edbi h\u1ecdc? B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi b\u1ea1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n r\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed sao? \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb khi b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd cho b\u1ea1n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec khi n\u00e0o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi s\u1edbm h\u01a1n b\u1ea1n t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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Another advice for project manager<\/p>\n

A good software project manager must have both technical skills and communication skills. Achieving the right level of these skills requires many years of practice and experiences. To start, project manager needs to create a good working environment for the team by encourage more communication among team members. Project managers should explain to the team about the project vision or the ‘big-picture’ and how they could help achieve that vision. Team building is very important where relationships among team members are not mature, especially at the start of projects. Experienced managers know that teambuilding takes time so it is their jobs to facilitate and encourage team building as soon as the team is formed. When the team is well established, team work begins as it applies to the practices throughout the life of the project. No team is perfect, there are always issues but experienced manager always aim for certain standards of team work to be achieved. Where there are indications of issues with the team, it should be recognized as a major risk to the project and manager must deal with it immediately.<\/p>\n

Many people believe as manager they should make all decisions and the team must follow whatever they decide for them to do. This is a big mistake because no one is always right and without the team participation, project will NOT succeed. Experienced managers understand this and always let the team know why decisions are made, not just what they are as well as identify any problem in the project then ask the team to help solving them.\u00a0 Most people respond positively to being kept informed or being asked for opinions.\u00a0 There are some \u201cManagement Techniques\u201d written by academia advocate that ‘managers manage’ and team members ‘do’ or \u201cmanagers direct \u201c and team member \u201cact\u201d .This is a wrong way to building a high performance team and can result in communication gap, which is the opposite of best project management practice.<\/p>\n

Good project managers NOT just understand project management concepts, but also provide effective leadership.\u00a0 Leadership is very hard to define, but easy to notice when it is lacking. Effective leadership always involves open communication and effective delegation. No one can do everything so it is important to divide project works into many tasks and assign team members to tasks that they can function well because management job is to \u201cfacilitate NOT dictate\u201d. A good leader should never be a dictator and this is a very important principle as many inexperienced people confuse between power and motivation. Of course, the project manager is responsible for the project and must make some decisions but NOT all. By involve the team in some decisions but prepared to make tough decisions, experienced manager can effectively deal with issues and bad situations. A good manager respects team members and supports them whenever they need. By being open and honest with the team despite any problems or challenging issues, the manager will earn their respect.<\/p>\n

One of the most important responsibilities of the project manger is to manage the expectations of customers and users, and to develop a set of goals for the project. Understanding and working towards a clear set of goals is the most important factor of teamwork. Therefore, this must be one of the most important aims and responsibilities of a project manager. Project manager must encourage open communication among team members to make sure that they understand their responsibilities as well as how they contribute to the overall expectations. Good personal communication skills are also essential if teams are to make effective and efficient progress. There are many forms of communication, but the most important, and sometimes the least practiced, is listening. Lack of care and attention to communication skills and processes can cause major risks and issues on projects the results of which are often measured in delays and additional work.<\/p>\n

Some students told me that they are not project managers, at least not yet so discussing about this topic seems too abstract to them. My answer is if you do not learn it now when will you? Do you want to wait until you become project managers then learn the management techniques? Being prepared when you are still in school will give you better chance of being good managers whenever the opportunities come and some may come sooner than you think.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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