{"id":2921,"date":"2013-07-08T10:25:11","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:25:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2921"},"modified":"2013-07-08T10:25:11","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:25:11","slug":"ke-hoach-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2921","title":{"rendered":"K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Theo nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 KH\u00d4Ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CH\u00cdNH TH\u1ee8C v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc KH\u00d4NG th\u00edch h\u1ee3p do thi\u1ebfu “kh\u00eda\u00a0 c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0n l\u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, l\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1c. Nhi\u1ec1u trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ‘t\u00ednh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c’ hay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft h\u00e0n l\u00e2m, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y nh\u00e0. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 trong khi l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 th\u00ec c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 k\u00ed ph\u00e1p v\u1eadt l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c quan n\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang (to th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, cao th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, r\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o), ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng k\u00ed ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. (Kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, bao nhi\u00eau c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, hay \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay bao nhi\u00eau giao di\u1ec7n v.v.) Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y r\u00f5, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n.\u00a0 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo t\u00ednh n\u0103ng hay c\u00e1ch \u0111o chi ph\u00ed theo s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi ph\u00ed ban \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00e0, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau g\u1ea1ch, bao nhi\u00eau xi m\u0103ng, bao nhi\u00eau g\u1ed7, thanh th\u00e9p, v.v v\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean? N\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u qui tr\u00ecnh “l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u01a1 h\u1ed3” n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu cho giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hay d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan nh\u01b0 UML theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c cao t\u1edbi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac chi ti\u1ebft. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c pha ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ebfn c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: T\u1ed5 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec? Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c? Khi n\u00e0o t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong? N\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n bao nhi\u00eau? N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t. Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 QUI TR\u00ccNH m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n l\u00e2m l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1ea1ch ra. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed “qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed” c\u00f2n th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 “tu\u00e2n theo\u201d th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trao cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG TH\u1ec2 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u00e1 b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ‘c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c’ kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia s\u1edbm s\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u00fang, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u201cL\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d thay v\u00ec h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i khi t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u201csai l\u1ed7i\u201d trong qui tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u hay chi ph\u00ed. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ed5 b\u1ecb m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t v\u1edbi “b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch” c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee9ng ng\u1eafc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u01a1 h\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed1t tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00eau tr\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u01a1 b\u1ed9. Trong th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ee9c cao. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng, chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0a ra n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 ai s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0o, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n cho t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u cho nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u00edch c\u1ee1 trung b\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ba t\u1edbi n\u0103m tu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0n l\u00e2m KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y nh\u00e0, ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f2n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p tham gia. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG nh\u01b0 nhau do “kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft k\u00edch c\u1ee1, chi ph\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh (30% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh hay 50% \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh) nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 C\u00d3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111i t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0o h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi n\u00ean l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ecfi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean trong m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ‘b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c’ b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp cho ph\u00e9p sinh vi\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 qui tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u1edf Carnegie Mellon, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e3ng hai t\u1edbi ba b\u00e0i t\u1eadp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc k\u00ec v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 trung b\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 10 gi\u1edd tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho sinh vi\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-Enlish version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software Project Plan<\/p>\n

According to several studies, most software managers have NOT received any FORMAL project management training and many project management courses in university are NOT adequate due to the lack of \u201cpractical aspect\u201d. Most professors focus too much on academic theories without any industry practices. That is why so many software projects have continued to be over budget, take longer than expected, and not provide the level of quality and functionality expected by users.<\/p>\n

The application of academic project management theories to software projects has not achieved the success because software projects are fundamentally different from projects in other industries. These differences make the management of software projects more difficult than the management of other types of projects. Many of these fundamental differences have to do with the `visibility” or the ability of the project manager to confirm completion of a task by looking at the results of that task. The lack of visibility that the software project manager has into various phases of a typical software project creates difficulty to do a good management job.<\/p>\n

In academic theory, the development of a software product is similar to the construction of a house. Requirements are developed, estimates of schedule and cost are made then the architecture, design and construction work can begin. One problem with this is while a house has physically tools and notations to visually describe it and most people can understand them (How big, how tall, and how wide), software people are limited in the notations that they can describe the product to customer. (No one really knows how many line of codes, how many components, or objects or how many interfaces etc.) Most managers only depend on high level diagrams to describe these concepts to the customer. Because customers do not really understand these diagrams well, they often change their minds on what they really want.\u00a0 In addition, there is no well-accepted cost per feature or cost per line of code measure that software managers can use as the basis for early cost estimating. For a house, the architect can calculate how many brick, how much cement, how many woods, steel rods, etc and come up with the cost of construction. However, there is no such thing in software.<\/p>\n

What does all of this mean for students? It means that software project management students need to understand the problems of this \u201cfuzzy planning\u201d process. They need to learn how to develop prototypes for user interfaces or use visual tools such as UML in a way that their customers can understand. They need to have requirements engineering skill so they can move from high level requirements to a detailed architecture. They need to plan the project according to phases that serves as the baseline and continue to plan when things change. Most importantly, they need to learn how to negotiate with customer on schedule, costs and quality. Unfortunately these things are NOT taught in most university courses.<\/p>\n

Software project planning requires that every project must start with a project plan that answers the questions: What is the team planning to do? How is it going to be done? Who is going to do each task? When will each task be done? How much will it cost? If a plan does not contain answers to these questions, it is not a good plan. The most valuable part of the plan is the PROCESS that every team member go through to answer these questions. That process provides a great opportunity for team members to get to know each other and to reach agreement on the plan. Unfortunately, the academic view is only the project manager creates the plan and directs team members to follow whatever manager comes up with. The academic principle of manager \u201cmanages\u201d and team member \u201cfollows\u201d really does not work in software project. Because such project plan that answers these questions is never produced, the teams feel that they have been given mandate requirements by the customer that they CAN NOT change or have any thing to do with how the work should be done. Basically they have NO idea on who will do each task. Because project manager is too busy working on the project plan, the `real work” never get started until the manager complete the plan.<\/p>\n

Without the team member involvement early, there is NO opinion from team members on how each task is assigned and who will do them, only a high-level structure diagram gets produced as the project plan. The view of the team is \u201cDo whatever possible\u201d rather than actively support the planning of the project. Without understanding the critical aspect, there will be more changes as the team discovers \u201cFlaws\u201d in the planning process. When there are changes, the plan must also be changed but since the manager already have an agreement with the customer, it is difficult to change the schedule or the costs. In the end, the team is stuck with a \u201cplan\u201d with rigid schedule and fuzzy functionalities.<\/p>\n

To produce a good project plan that answers all of the questions above requires a lot of efforts. Today, in software industry, project planning is a team effort where team members work together to produce a preliminary plan. During that time, members of the team will develop a list of high level requirements. They will outline, in as much detail as possible, the tasks that need to be accomplished. They will determine the appropriate relationships among the tasks, make a first attempt at who will do each task, estimate the duration of each task, schedule those tasks and produce an overall project schedule. While some members of the team are working on the details of these tasks, other members of the team are focusing on the estimates and budget of the plan. For a medium sized project, most works can be accomplished within a week, larger project may require three to five weeks for the planning to take place but planning is always a teamwork activities.<\/p>\n

The academic view does NOT always agree with this view. There are many discussions about software as building a house, only the architect and manager are involved and construction workers are NOT allow to participate. However, as I already mentioned that building a house and building software is NOT the same due to the \u201cvisibility aspect\u201d. You can see the house being build and knowing the size, the costs and well as the completion (30% completed or 50% completed) but you can NOT see anything with software development. The lack of visibility is the most confused issue so the project manager alone can NOT plan the project so it is essential to HAVE the team participation. By working together to come up with the project plan, each team member will really understand what they need to do what task they must complete by certain date, and combine their tasks into a comprehensive list of things so manager can use the list to negotiate with customer. A good software project manager should be a facilitator, a coach, a leader and a good negotiator. These are skills that must be taught in every software project management class.<\/p>\n

Today, most students in a software project management course are NOT taught to work in team and to produce such as a collaborated project plan. I believe that project management training should focus on these practical aspects by giving students a chance to create a \u201creal project plan\u201d by working in team. I believe that all software project management courses need to contain exercises that allow students to experience such a planning process. In our training at Carnegie Mellon, most students complete about two to three of such exercises in one-semester course and the average team complete such plan in approximately 10 hours fulltime. This gives the students the experience and effectively convinces them that project plan can be done by a team in just a few days and this is what the software industry really needs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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