{"id":2911,"date":"2013-07-08T10:17:50","date_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:17:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2911"},"modified":"2013-07-08T10:17:50","modified_gmt":"2013-07-08T03:17:50","slug":"dao-tao-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2911","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Theo nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u KH\u00d4NG nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh n\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103m t\u1edbi b\u1ea9y n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc n\u00ean d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1edbi hai n\u0103m trong ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam n\u00e0o. Thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ra l\u1ec7nh nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ed5. H\u1ecd ra l\u1ec7nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian th\u00eam trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u00e0nh h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, t\u1ed5 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hay l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do thi\u1ebfu k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 cho, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi may m\u1eafn, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 c\u00e0ng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho h\u1ecd. Khi t\u1ed5 \u0111ang n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u1eabn tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 sau b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam gi\u1edd. Lo\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. Ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 “th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1ea5u”.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y \u0111i th\u1eddi gian qu\u00ed gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 trong t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean m\u1edbi thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00e0ng ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n cho x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f4i khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp v\u00e0o trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. Ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay g\u00e2y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 “nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean anh h\u00f9ng\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t, c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00edch anh h\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edfng cho h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o “h\u00e0nh vi anh h\u00f9ng” th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd v\u00e0o “th\u1ebf th\u1ee7” v\u00e0 gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh thay v\u00ec chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin hay gi\u00fap l\u1eabn nhau. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u x\u1ea3y ra m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi ph\u00fat cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 khi t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng trong h\u00e0i ho\u00e0, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4Ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. Khi sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n d\u00e0nh ch\u00fat th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong khu v\u1ef1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. G\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y chi ti\u1ebft trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean KH\u00d4NG th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u1ef1 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m c\u00f9ng sai l\u1ea7m.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 x\u00edch m\u00edch gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n giao theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1eadn d\u1eef. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed r\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd sau khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a x\u00edch m\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u00e9m trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u01a1 s\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00ean h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Thi\u1ebfu k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u x\u00edch m\u00edch h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u00fang c\u00f2n nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software training<\/p>\n

According to several studies, most software projects failed because both people who manage the projects and people who develop the software have NOT received adequate trainings. A typical project manager should have five to seven years of software development experience and take additional training in the management of software project. A typical software developer graduated from university should spend one to two years in software testing and supporting before moving into developing. Unfortunately, many developers never spend time in testing or supporting and many project managers only spend a minimum of time in software development then get promoted without any additional training. Lacking of training and experience are two major factors leading to software project failures.<\/p>\n

For software project motivation is the most important factor in determine success. Many project managers do not know how to motivate their teams but instead giving strict orders that undermined morale of the team. They give orders that the team must complete their tasks by working harder, requiring more overtime while managers spent most time in meetings, not paying attention of what is going on in projects. Strong management monitoring is needed in every software projects including realistic planning, change control to keep projects progresses accordingly. Without an effective project management, the team is forced to accept unrealistic schedules or make changes without adequate analysis that undermine projects and guarantees failure. Unrealistic schedule is the most common mistake that project managers often make. This is due to the lack of estimate skill of project managers. Even when team members voice their opinions that they can NOT complete the project according to the schedule given, managers believe that if everyone worked hard, and with luck, they can still finish projects on time.<\/p>\n

Another common mistake is project managers think coordinate activities and responsibilities among team members is wasting of time and the more the team spend in coding, the better the project can complete. Testing is something that when you have time, you can do it or else you can fix it later. Without clearly defined roles, responsibilities and coordination tasks among team members, the project will fell into chaotic situation where members are reacting to whatever happens to them. When the team is saying that it will take a lot of effort to meet the delivery date, managers believe that they can make up later by skipping few steps or working overtime. This kind of attitude is actually like closing eyes to reality and hoping something will works. The attitude that schedule is important without any estimates are unreasonable. The belief that as manager you can order people to do whatever you wish is a \u201cbad attitude\u201d.<\/p>\n

Sometime, when the project is in crisis, managers decide to add more people to speed thing up. This is perhaps the most common mistakes because adding new people can take more productivity away from existing team members. As new members will need to learn about the project and need help from other team members, they will take away precious time from existing team members to train new members rather than do productive work so adding more people to late project will make the project more later.<\/p>\n

In software project, there is situation when team members can NOT get along. Personal conflicts are common, especially in the beginning of the project. A good project manager always plan to have more time to build up the team but occasionally thing may not work well. There may be some problem employees, people who will not fit into the project, people who disrupt the harmony of the team. It is the responsibility of project manager to solve this problem. Failure to deal with problem personnel will jeopardize project development. Failure to deal with a problem employee is the most common complaint that team members have about project managers. In contrast to problem employee is the \u201cheroic employees\u201d. These are people who can do good job, have good skills but only want to do everything by themselves. Many project managers like heroes and believe that they are beneficial and like to reward them for what they do. But focusing on \u201cheroic behavior\u201d does more harm than good. First it destroys the teamwork as people will go into \u201cdefense positions\u201d and keep things for themselves rather than sharing information or helping each others. The result can be no information will be reported to manager if bad thing happened until the last minutes. People will accuse each others of making mistake because no one would admit that they are having trouble and when the team is in disharmony, project will fail.<\/p>\n

Develop software is NOT just coding but actually designing. Coding is easy, designing is not and it requires experience. As students graduated and begin to work, they will need to spend sometime in testing area to learn more about designing. By work in testing area, they can observe how other people design software, how functions are broken down into smaller pieces, how components work together, how the system architect is planed. This is really learning time to build up their skills before they actually get a chance to design the system themselves. Almost every graduated student can code well but architecture and designing are usually NOT taught in detail in most universities. By spending time in testing area students can improve these skills and become better software professionals. Many students do NOT like to work as tester to fix somebody defects but want to work as developer immediately. Because they have not experienced other people mistakes, they will make the same mistake themselves.<\/p>\n

Another common problem in software project is the friction between developers and users. Most users have problems that they want to have developers to come up with solutions immediately so they always demand a strict schedule according to what they need. When developers fail to deliver on that schedule they become angry. Developers often feel that users do not know what they want and demand something unreasonably then often change their minds after requirements have been set. The key issue of this friction is poor communication, and poorly defined requirements. Experienced developers should learn about requirements engineering so they know how to work with users, know how to communicate effectively with them so they can come up with good requirements, good user-interface design, and have a well defined process to handle requirements change. Lacking of this skill will create more frictions and sometime they are so severe that managers have to cancel the project. Requirement engineering is a critical skill and required in all software engineering programs but often not taught in computer science program.<\/p>\n

By having the right training for project managers and software developers, company can benefit by having much better chance for success and avoid problems with software project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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