{"id":2825,"date":"2013-07-07T21:39:21","date_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:39:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2825"},"modified":"2013-07-07T21:39:21","modified_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:39:21","slug":"six-sigma-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2825","title":{"rendered":"Six Sigma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Six Sigma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1986 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed t\u1ea1i Motorola. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed nh\u01b0ng qua th\u1eddi gian, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o” nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t tu\u1ef3 theo ai gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3.<\/span><\/p>\n

Khi t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Motorola v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, Six Sigma ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng ti v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ea5m n\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t m\u1ecfng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u00e1n d\u1eabn, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean. Qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 sinh l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m cho n\u00ean b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111o (Six Sigma l\u00e0 3.4 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i) ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 kinh doanh, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 qua th\u1eddi gian, Six Sigma \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, theo \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Motorola, Six Sigma l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, Six Sigma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 thang cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ‘t\u1ed1t’ hay ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t Six Sigma b\u1eb1ng 3.4 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i (DPMO).\u00a0 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ‘Six sigma’ b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o theo bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, Six Sigma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u1edfi: 1) Hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, 2) Gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ee5 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3, 3) S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ho\u00e1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, 4) D\u1eabn l\u00e1i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhanh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 DMAIC l\u00e0 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft cho:\u00a0 Define opportunity (x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i); Measure performance (\u0110o hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng); Analyze opportunity (Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i); Improve performance (C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng); v\u00e0 Control performance (Kierm so\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng)..<\/p>\n

Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed: Six Sigma ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qua th\u1eddi gian. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed Six Sigma c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1edfi 1) Gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t; 2) \u0110\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng cao; 3) T\u0103ng t\u1ed1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; 4) Gi\u00e1m qu\u1ea3n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, Motorola nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng qua th\u1eddi gian. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Six Sigma ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn Six Sigma, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Six Sigma (\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao Six Sigma tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn). T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn (nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u01a1n), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u00ean trong, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi h\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u0110ai \u0110en, \u0110ai L\u1ee5c v.v. \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y theo h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Karate, k\u00ed hi\u1ec7u cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia. L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 Six Sigma (\u0110ai \u0110en) bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111o t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng pha c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111o, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qui tr\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng Six Sigma trong qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed khi t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i Motorola. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Six Sigma v\u00e0o c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m quan s\u00e1t kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi Six Sigma trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 3.4 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u201cSix Sigma\u201d nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn d\u1ed1t n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Six Sigma<\/p>\n

Six Sigma is one of the most popular quality management methodology used in the industry today. It started in 1986 as a statistically-based method to reduce variation in electronic manufacturing processes at Motorola. Originally, it is based on the \u201cTotal Quality Management\u201d concept and adapted to the electronic industry but overtime, it is being \u201cadvertised\u201d as a lot of different things with different meanings depends on who is explaining it.<\/p>\n

When I worked at Motorola in the late 1980s, Six Sigma is only used within the company on the improvement of wafer, a thin slice of semiconductor material, upon which microcircuits are constructed. This manufacturing process is error-prone and expensive so by applying measurements (Six Sigma is 3.4 defects per one million opportunities) we can reduce the number of defects accordingly. However, other people had adapted the technique and terms into other areas such as business, finance, software and overtime, Six Sigma has evolved into many things to many people.<\/p>\n

Today, according to Motorola training, Six Sigma is a metric, a methodology, and a management system.<\/p>\n

From the metric view, Six Sigma is used as a scale for levels of ‘goodness’ or quality. A Six Sigma equates to 3.4 defects per one million opportunities (DPMO).\u00a0 The term ‘Six sigma’ come from mathematic and statistic term as a\u00a0 unit of measurement in variation.<\/p>\n

From the methodology view, Six Sigma can be used as a business improvement that focuses an organization processes by: 1) Understanding and managing customer requirements, 2) Aligning key business processes to achieve those requirements, 3) Utilizing rigorous data analysis to minimize variation in those processes, 4) Driving rapid and sustainable improvement to business processes. To implement these processes, organization must apply the improvement model called DMAIC which is the acronym for:\u00a0 Define opportunity; Measure performance; Analyze opportunity; Improve performance; and Control performance..<\/p>\n

From the management view: Six Sigma advocates that metrics and methodology is not enough to make improvements over time. It is more important to treat Six Sigma also as a management system for executing business strategy by 1) Align business strategy to critical improvement efforts; 2) Mobilize teams to attack high impact projects; 3) Accelerate improved business results; 4) Govern efforts to ensure improvements are sustained.<\/p>\n

Basically, Motorola emphasizes that you must use all three views to achieve improvements that are sustainable over time. Six Sigma’s process metrics and methodology must be applied to improvement opportunities that are directly linked to organizational strategy. To implement Six Sigma methodology, organization must create teams with team leaders. These people need to be trained in Six Sigma’s methods (This is where many consultants come in and that is why Six Sigma become very popular). The team must know how to use metrics and improvement tools (More training and more tools), as well as knowing how to communicate with internal, external customers and suppliers as they are part of the critical processes of the organization’s delivery chains. After several trainings, team members may achieve certain ranks such as Black Belts, Green Belts etc. adapted from the Karate system which denote people with different qualifications, and expertise. Six Sigma team leaders (Black Belts) know how to use measurement tools at each phase of the improvement to define, measure, analyze and control variation in process quality, and to manage people, teams and communications.<\/p>\n

I have experienced the use of Six Sigma in electronic manufacturing process when I worked at Motorola. However, today there are so many different explanations on the application of Six Sigma into other areas and it is difficult to make a objective observation to determine how it works. For example, to achieve Six Sigma in software, does it means software product must achieve no more than 3.4 defects per million line of code? I have seen many software companies claimed on achieve \u201cSix Sigma\u201d but I do not know what it means so I admit my ignorance in this area and let the expert explain it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Six Sigma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y nay. N\u00f3 b\u1eaft … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2825","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2825","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2825"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2825\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2826,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2825\/revisions\/2826"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2825"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2825"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2825"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}