{"id":2823,"date":"2013-07-07T21:38:12","date_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:38:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2823"},"modified":"2013-07-07T21:38:12","modified_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:38:12","slug":"kiem-diem-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2823","title":{"rendered":"Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. V\u1eady m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm, chi ph\u00ed cao, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi \u00edt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ed do nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ed7i cao c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. L\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y khi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng s\u1eeda ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1n s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e8n th\u00eam l\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u00eam ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n th\u00eam.<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Ts. Barry Boehm t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Nam California (USC) chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng 65% t\u1ed5ng chi ph\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay k\u0129 thu\u1eadt gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1edbm trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi. Ts. Barry Boehm th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 trung b\u00ecnh, t\u1ed1n $1 \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i \u1edf cu\u1ed1i pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n $10 \u1edf pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, $100 trong pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, $1000 trong pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean $10,000 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

Theo Watt Humphrey thu\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7n k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SEI) t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh qu\u00e3ng 300 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1o ra 100 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i 1000 d\u00f2ng m\u00e3. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 4 t\u1edbi 10 gi\u1edd cho m\u1ed7i l\u1ed7i cho n\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i 8 gi\u1edd vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam 20 t\u1edbi 30 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n ph\u00ed th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eady. L\u00ed do l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 r\u1ed3i che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f4i khi h\u1ecd qu\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb pha n\u00e0y sang pha kh\u00e1c cho t\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra ch\u00fang. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n coi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec “ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft m\u00e3’ n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ecd tin ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau l\u00e0m t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m th\u00eam v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian th\u00eam cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i, c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 sau trong khi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00f3. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u1edf cu\u1ed1i pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7p t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m; ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tu\u00e2n theo thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf logic v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sai l\u1ea7m vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

Ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u b\u01b0\u1edbc: 1) B\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 thu x\u1ebfp n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian h\u1ecdp, 2) B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. 3) B\u01b0\u1edbc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb bao g\u1ed3m cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.\u00a0 4) B\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m bao g\u1ed3m n\u01a1i h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 t\u1ee5 t\u1eadp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng s\u1eeda ch\u00fang trong khi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y trong pha chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. L\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i. 5) B\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u00fang v\u00e0 6) B\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u00f5i n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed7i ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i \u1edf cu\u1ed1i t\u1eebng pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n sang pha sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi th\u1eddi gian \u0111ang c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng. B\u1eb1ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u1ed7i s\u1edbm s\u1ee7a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i. B\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec3u \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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Blog245-software review<\/p>\n

Every software developer wants their project to be on time, within cost, and have high quality. Yet many projects continue to be late, higher costs, low quality, with less function than required. There are many reasons but the most obvious is the high amount of defect that must be removed. Defects are created throughout the project life cycle but usually found during testing. At this time, the project is near completion so developers are hurrying to fix them as quick as they can. The problem is when you fix defects in a hurry, you may insert another defect which require more testing. More testing makes project late and costs more.<\/p>\n

According to the study of Dr. Barry Boehm at University of Southern California (USC) the costs of fixing defects is about 65% of total project costs. Therefore, to improve the quality and the cost of software projects, manager must solve the defects issue. The best way to remove defects is using the software reviews or inspection technique earlier in the life cycle. Dr. Barry Boehm found that on the average, it costs $1 to remove a defect at the end of requirements phase, it will cost $10 at design phase, $100 during coding phase, $1000 in test phase, and over $10,000 when a user finds a defect.<\/p>\n

According Watt Humphrey of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at Carnegie Mellon, an average developer can program about 300 lines of code per day but makes 100 defects for every 1000 lines of code. The finding and fixing require approximately 4 to 10 hours per defect so for each 8 hours of coding, it may require another 20 to 30 hours for testing, finding, and removing defects. That is why many software projects are late and costs more.<\/p>\n

Software review is not new but not use often as it should. The reason is simple: Many developers do not want others to know about their defects, they tend to review their works within a small group of friends then hide defects so they can fix them later. However, software project is always busy with many activities so developers do not have time to fix their defects. Sometime they forget about their defects so defects continue to pass from one phase to another until testing time where testers may find them. There are project managers who consider software development is coding and any \u201cnon-coding activity\u201d is a waste of time. They believe testing is the place where people identify and fix defect so they do not encourage software reviews. They do not know that fixing defect late incurs additional costs and time to the project, the more defects the higher the cost to remove them.<\/p>\n

If developers make mistakes but testers find them later during testing, developers never know why and when they made those mistakes. Software reviews are designed to conduct at the end of each development phase so developers know exactly what they did. For example, Requirements review is used to verify the completeness of the customer\u2019s needs; Architecture review is used to validate the quality attributes associated with software system; Design review is intended to show that a design is complete to a certain level of elaboration. Code review is to verify that the program is following the logical design and no coding mistake is made.<\/p>\n

Typical software review consists of six steps: 1) Planning step consists of the identification of material to be reviewed, select reviewers and arrange meeting place and time, 2) Training step includes the training of all reviewers and their roles and responsibilities. 3) Preparing step includes allowing time for each reviewer to review materials and identify potential defects.\u00a0 4) Reviewing step consists of a meeting place where the team gather to discuss defects found. The goal of the review is to have agreement on the found defects but not to fix them during the review. A review leader leads the activity and ask reviewers who have reviewed the materials during the preparing phase to discuss the material in a systematic fashion. Defects found are recorded. 5) Fixing step consists of allowing time for the author of the defect material to fix their defects and 6) Follow-up step where project manager or quality assurance verifies that all defects have been fixed and no additional defects have been introduced.<\/p>\n

By fixing defects at the end of each development phase, developers learn about their mistakes so they do not make them again. By not allow defects to pass into the next phase, project managers can be assured that they do not have to fix a lot of defects at the end of the project where time is critical. By removing most defects early, testers can focus more on other aspects of the software product such as functionality and quality attributes rather than identify defects. By understand benefits of software reviews to improve project schedule, costs and quality, project manager should encourage more software reviews and achieve more success.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. V\u1eady … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2823","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2823"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2823\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2824,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2823\/revisions\/2824"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2823"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2823"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}