{"id":2821,"date":"2013-07-07T21:36:03","date_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:36:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2821"},"modified":"2013-07-07T21:36:03","modified_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:36:03","slug":"ngon-ngu-lap-trinh-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2821","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cNg\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh? Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e1y t\u00ednh cho m\u1ecdi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o?”<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh h\u01a1n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. C\u1ee9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e3 m\u00e1y th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 0 v\u00e0 1 sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 “h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef” n\u01a1i m\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 m\u00e1y b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p d\u1ecbch. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i: Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 Cobol, Fortran v\u00e0 Pascal; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 Java, C++, v\u00e0 Smalltalk; ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u00e0m nh\u01b0 Lisp v\u00e0 ML; v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef logic nh\u01b0 Prolog. Ng\u00e0y nay, sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169ng quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 SQL cho truy v\u1ea5n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; Powerbuilder, Delphi, Focus, v\u00e0 Access cho \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf\u00a0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u; Visual basic v\u00e0 tcl cho l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu; v\u00e0 html v\u00e0 javascript cho mi\u1ec1n web to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 “ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t\u201d v\u00ec t\u1eebng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3. Khi t\u00f4i c\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Fortran v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ng\u1eef nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc Ada v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 Ada l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u00fang. Khi C v\u00e0 Unix t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00f4i l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 th\u1ebf, t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n s\u1ebd t\u1edbi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e3 m\u00e1y. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.\u00a0 L\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n trong m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t m\u1ee9c k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ecfi. Chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho mi\u1ec1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Cobol l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kinh doanh c\u00f2n Java s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng web.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecdc C, C++, C# hay Java \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay nh\u01b0ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Programming Languages<\/p>\n

A student asked me: \u201cHow many computer programming language exist today? Which one is the best? Is it possible to use one computer language for all applications? What language do I need to know?<\/p>\n

There are probably more programming languages than spoken languages in the world today. Every few months, someone creates a programming language somewhere. Programming language has evolved from the first generation machine code language of o and 1 to second generation categorized as \u201cAssembly languages\u201d where the code can be written and converted into a machine code by a process called assembly. The third generation programming languages have several grouping: Imperative languages such as Cobol, Fortran and Pascal; Object-Oriented Languages such as Java, C++, and Smalltalk; Functional languages such as Lisp and ML; and Logic Language like Prolog; Today, students are also familiar with the fourth generation languages as they are designed for special purposes such as SQL for data queries; Powerbuilder, Delphi, Focus, and Access for database applications; Visual basic and tcl for prototyping; and html and javascript for world-wide-web domain.<\/p>\n

There is no \u201cbest language\u201d as each serve a purpose and contribute to the technology at that time. When I was in school, I learned Fortran and Assembly languages but when I started to work, I have to learn Ada and I thought Ada was very good, especially in the embedded applications. When C and Unix come along and allowed me to do so many things, I though this language would be perfect but then everything changed again. For every generation of programming language, there are something better, much improve over previous one. I am sure there are better things to come in the near future too.<\/p>\n

Of course, it is possible to use one language to write software applications. You can do almost anything with machine code language. Programming language is created for certain purpose and better language choice does make a difference is in software maintenance, performance, and reuse.\u00a0 As software engineers, your key considerations in every project are cost, schedule, and quality. It does not matter which programming language is used. Sometime, customers require specific language in the project but as an option, you may want to consider the skill level of your developers in your company. It is better to use a language that your developers are already good at. The cost of learning new languages and the time to master them may not be suitable for your projects. Of course, you may select a language that best suits the domain of your application. For example, Cobol is better with business application and Java would be better for web application.<\/p>\n

As software engineer, you probably learn C, C++, C# or Java in school. They are very popular programming languages today but language does change over time, an experienced software engineer should be able to learn a new language easily, and I am sure you probably learn several new languages in the next few years<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cNg\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh? Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2821","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-khoa-hoc-may-tinh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2821","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2821"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2821\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2822,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2821\/revisions\/2822"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2821"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2821"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2821"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}