{"id":2782,"date":"2013-07-07T21:02:15","date_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:02:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2782"},"modified":"2013-07-07T21:02:15","modified_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:02:15","slug":"phuong-phap-quan-li-du-an-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2782","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi"},"content":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn chung l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1eabn h\u1ecfng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng KH\u00d4NG ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0o bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong ng\u00e0nh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Frederick Taylor ph\u00e1t minh th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 th\u1ee9 19. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Taylor \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y, nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ra l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Taylor. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m KH\u00d4NG bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd n\u00f3i chung b\u1ecb tr\u00e1ch v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hay \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ef1c KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, m\u00e0 THAY ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Carnegie Mellon th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n coi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c “ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00f3” d\u00f9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chi ph\u00ed hay l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed coi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eaft t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hay c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng cho c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00f4i l\u00e0m g\u1ea7n xong nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a xong\u201d hay \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n xong r\u1ed3i, ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh qu\u00e3ng 90%.\u201d Khi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra, h\u1ecd th\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o “ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00e3” hay “c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf” h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5y ra r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3 s\u1eeda r\u1ed3i. L\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh x\u1ea3y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00f4 v\u00e0o s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u00e0o ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n hay t\u00ecm ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u1edf Carnegie Mellon, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ee3i ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c c\u1eaft b\u1ecf d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0ng l\u00ed do ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea3. \u0110\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Trong xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Peter Drucker \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cam k\u1ebft ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng cam k\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed KH\u00d4NG c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 huy v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 l\u00e0 L\u00c3NH \u0110\u1ea0O, \u0110\u1ed8NG VI\u00caN, H\u1ed6 TR\u1ee2 v\u00e0 HU\u1ea4N LUY\u1ec6N h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Thay v\u00ec v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, h\u1ecd b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. T\u1ed5 s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp t\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. L\u00ed do \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y lo\u1ea1i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a k\u0129 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00f3 Ban quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh: ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong C\u1ed8NG T\u00c1C v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Trong c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bao g\u1ed3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 b\u00ean trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hay vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111o, theo d\u00f5i, v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong ki\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Khi t\u1ed5 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c cam k\u1ebft chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Theo Peter Drucker c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc cho k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tin c\u1eady c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c. C\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. T\u1ed5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thay v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi ti\u1ebft cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm cho n\u00ean\u00a0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf cho d\u1ec5 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Thay v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch nhau v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, m\u1ed7i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n hay hai tu\u1ea7n. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chi ti\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch \u0111o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n m\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o l\u00e0m n\u00f3. V\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed7i chuy\u1ebfn bay, phi c\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ki\u1ec3m tra chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb bay b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m chi ti\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn danh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Lo\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, t\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n cung c\u1ea5p lo\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y trong m\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn cho ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh cao n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The New Project Management method<\/p>\n

There are several studies indicated that most software projects failed NOT because of technology issues but management issue. Unfortunately, the typical solution is to replace the project manager with another manager and hope that things would be better. The common view is that the manager is responsible for everything. If new manager is needed, company would put them in place but many projects keep failing anyway which suggests that either managers do NOT know what to do or the cause may be something else.<\/p>\n

Even though software developers and their works are different from labor workers and their manufacturing works, today\u2019s traditional management methods are still based on the principles from construction works invented by Frederick Taylor in the 19th century. Taylor\u2019s methods were designed for uneducated workers, mostly laborers who build factories, buildings or work in manufacturing assembly lines. The method is relatively simple where managers give orders and workers follow orders on their manual tasks. This kind of labor work and today\u2019s software work are very different, but most universities are still teaching Taylor\u2019s command and control principles. That is why many managers are not effective in controlling project costs, schedules, quality and projects do fail.<\/p>\n

The problem is that with current training, software managers do NOT know what developers are doing and how to obtain project status so they are generally blamed for the failures when the real problem is with the management method or the training of manager and NOT the managers. The real answer is NOT to replace managers, but to CHANGE the management methods. However, project managers do not know what to change and are reluctant to change to a new management method that is NOT taught in school.<\/p>\n

The major problems with current management method is that developers and managers have different views of success. Carnegie Mellon\u2019s study found that developers considered a project was success if the work was technically challenging so they continue to \u201cperfect it\u201d whether or not the project met its cost or schedule objectives. Managers viewed projects as successful if they met their cost and schedule goals without consider for the nature of the technical work. This difference in views has a profound effect on project management. For example, when the project manager ask team members regarding a task or milestone. The team members always give vague answers such as \u201cI\u2019m almost done but not yet\u201d or \u201cIt is almost done, about 90% completed\u201d. While the knowledge workers do know what happened, they rather concentrate on \u201cPerfecting their code\u201d or \u201cImproving their Design\u201d rather than the schedule because it is NOT their problems. By the time project manager find out that the project is late then it is difficult to fix. Schedule slippage is typically happen first then costs overrun and eventually quality issues as developers rushing to correct defects and insert more. Finally, senior managers have no choice but cancel the project or finding someone to replace the project manager. In my research at Carnegie Mellon, I have interviewed hundreds of project managers and they all told me that they do NOT know what to do but concentrate on fixing problems as much as possible then wait for someone else to cancel the project and blame on technical difficulty rather than themselves.<\/p>\n

Software project is hard to manage but the reason has nothing to do with the technology. It is actually knowledge works that involve knowledge workers and to manage knowledge workers, you will need knowledge managers and different kind of management methods. In considering how to manage knowledge work, several years ago, the author Peter Drucker already concluded that managers cannot truly manage knowledge work, the knowledge workers must manage themselves. To do that, the knowledge workers must be trained in special roles, responsibilities and authorities and they must be held accountable for creating their own plans, negotiating their own commitments, and meeting these commitments with quality products. The manager\u2019s job is NO LONGER command and control the knowledge-working teams BUT to LEAD, MOTIVATE, SUPPORT, and COACH them.<\/p>\n

In actual industry practices, software teams always like to work in this way. Instead of struggled to meet an unreasonable schedule, they now can negotiate their own schedule with management. The teams will\u00a0 be responsible for their work, they know the project status, and they collect data to defend their estimates. When they see problems, they resolve them during team meetings among team members and if they can not resolve then they will get management\u2019s help. Today, many companies already used this principles in their Information Systems projects and the results were significant. Unfortunately many universities failed to adopt it. The simple reason, many professors do NOT have actual work experiences to teach this kind of technique.<\/p>\n

The key of this technique is the clearly defined roles, responsibilities, and authorities at the beginning of the project. The project structure must be set up accordingly where there is a Decision Board, consists of several senior managers to make decision for the project including budgets, overall schedule and any decisions affecting the project’s outcome, as well as to provide the necessary resources to carry out the project. The project managers’ role is to guide, coach, motivate and mobilize the team to attain a specific objective: the successful completion of the project. He is responsible for the overall planning, organization, execution of the project by working in COLLABORATION with team members to create a productive work environment to ensure that the project is delivered on time, within budget, and with the quality required. The business manager represents the customers and user group and responsible for defining the project requirements and all the changes needed. In collaboration with the project manager, the business manager participates in the planning and monitoring of different tasks involving his participation, such as understanding and creating requirements, as well as validating and approving the products of the project team. The system architect is a specialist who designs and establishes the architecture for the project. He is responsible for maintaining the scope of the project in compliance with the established requirements. The project team is consisted of the project manager, the business manager, the system architect and all the members assigned to the projects. The project team is responsible for the outcome of the project, i.e. the product or service to be delivered. A team member is an individual involved in the project and who is part of a team within the project’s structure. A team member has a task or a role assigned to him and is accountable for the completion of his assignment. Furthermore, team members must measure, track, and report on their work. In this kind of organization structure, the entire project team can participate actively to make the project successful.<\/p>\n

When knowledge teams have appropriate management, training, and support, they can work well and consistently meet their cost and schedule commitments with high-quality products. According to Peter Drucker management principles for knowledge work are different from those for traditional engineering. These principles are:<\/p>\n

1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Trust the knowledge workers. Management must trust the knowledge workers and teams to manage themselves.<\/p>\n

2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Train the trustworthy teams. The knowledge-working teams must be trained so that they are willing and able to manage themselves.<\/p>\n

3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rely on facts and data. The management system must rely on facts and data to make decisions rather than power and status.<\/p>\n

4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Manage quality. Quality must be the organization\u2019s highest priority.<\/p>\n

When knowledge workers have been trained and know how to manage themselves, they have detailed plans for their works and know their status precisely. They also feel responsible for managing their own problems and when need help, they can ask their team or their managers. Of course, no method can eliminate problems but with sufficient reviews, certain preventive actions can be done early so problems can be avoided or resolved quickly. The key principle of this method is to divide the project works into many smaller tasks for easily managed. Instead of relying on milestones that may be several months, the project should be broken down into smaller incremental releases, each with certain deliveries and in short duration, maybe a week or two. In this method, detailed tasks, precise measures, and ownership are critical so knowledge workers can manage themselves according to their roles, responsibilities and authorities.<\/p>\n

To start, we need to train developers how to manage themselves based on the new principles and method. Many of the problems can be avoided if developers know what to do, how and when to do it. For software projects, an well defined process is essential. Project management must be broken down into matter of detail, and every step must be implemented accordingly and correctly. As I am working in aerospace business, I know that before each flight, pilots always do their preflight checks by following a detailed checklist. It can be applied to software project where developers should build their own checklists and follow them accordingly so they know every step that they must do. As they do it many times, they can continue to improve their own checklists. This kind of Self-check is actually what knowledge workers know how to manage themselves and ensure that every step is done correctly.<\/p>\n

More than ever, I strongly believe that we need to provide this kind of method in all software and information systems developments. The failure of development projects costs a lot of time and money, it also creates significant quality problems to the industry. In this highly competitive world of globalization, no country can afford to continue with this kind of project failures. By delaying training or refuse to adopt industry\u2019s best practices in university training will hurt technically competent students and fail to develop knowledge workers, who are the key factor in growing the economy and national prosperity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2782","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2782"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2783,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2782\/revisions\/2783"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2782"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2782"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2782"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}