{"id":2726,"date":"2013-07-06T20:54:04","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T13:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2726"},"modified":"2013-07-06T20:54:04","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T13:54:04","slug":"du-an-phan-mem-lon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2726","title":{"rendered":"D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m. \u0110\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ean trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u00a0trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn. \u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, l\u1eafng nghe, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean, v\u00e0 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u201ck\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi cho t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, h\u1ecdp kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Cho d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, khi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u0103m t\u1edbi hai m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n “kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c”. Sau khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh g\u00ec. Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n hay tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0o h\u1ecd th\u00edch, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u00e3y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Trong ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 truy nh\u1eadp ngay v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khi ch\u00fang \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn khi nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 v\u00ec n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t; tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m; c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trao \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia; \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Vai tr\u00f2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u vai tr\u00f2. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia trong m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 ng\u1ee5 \u00fd quy\u1ec1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eadn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho n\u00ean s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi ng\u1edd mi\u1ec1n trao quy\u1ec1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho mi\u1ec1n kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng trong t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u00ean trong mi\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Trong c\u1ea3 hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trao \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i cung c\u1ea5p m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin (nh\u01b0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, v.v.) gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u1eedi v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch trao \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft th\u00f4ng tin, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng tin d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, theo chi\u1ec1u ngang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00fang (nh\u01b0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng hay chi ti\u1ebft), v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t cho m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c cho to\u00e0n t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Large software project<\/p>\n

Today, most software projects are large, complex and project team usually consists of many people with different roles and responsibilities. With this structure, developers may feel uncomfortable and difficult to adjust. The first is the lack of understanding of what others are doing. For the team to be effective, all team members need to understand all the roles, responsibilities and authorities within the project\u2019s development process. By clearly understand them, they can avoid conflict which often happen in large project. The second is the issue with teamwork and soft-skills. Effective communication, listening, encouragement, and the suppression of \u201cindividual egos\u201d are examples of the \u201csoft skills\u201d that are needed for the team to be effective. Lack of these skills often leads to ineffective decision, ineffective meetings, and more personal conflicts. The third difficulty is not following the project\u2019s defined process. Even many projects do have training on process but unless there is a clear direction and strong monitoring mechanism in place, team members may do things based on their own experiences rather than follow a process defined by the project manager.<\/p>\n

In the past, when projects are small, maybe five to twenty people, developers have their own ways of doing works through \u201cinformal\u201d individual process. After they are done, their works are subjected to reviews and tests until they are accepted by the customer. As long as they get their works done, project manager does not care about how they get their works done or what process they are following. In a large project, sometime hundreds of people are involved, the sequence of development changes. The process to create software must be defined and assigned as the development now involves so many people with a lot of works must be integrated. Project manager can not afford to allow people do whatever they want or follow whatever process that they like, it will be chaotic.<\/p>\n

The team must understand the project\u2019s defined process as their works must be integrated based on an architecture. For example, the team must agree on the certain design characteristics as guidance to individuals doing their own works. The teams and individuals iteratively refine and agree to the content as it is being created. The result is a collaboration with shared responsibilities of the product. Basically, the work sequence is reversed with the review occurring prior to the individual creation. In this type of work, a collaborative environment that enables everyone to have immediate access to the work products as they are being created is required to effectively implement large project as many works are concurring. This is why large project is difficult as it requires a lot of planning, coordination with roles and responsibilities clearly identified before the project even starts.<\/p>\n

A project structure must be based on a precise division of team member\u2019s roles and responsibilities to create a productive work climate; avoids costly duplication of effort; improves communication among participants; encourages autonomy on the part of participants in the execution of their responsibilities. Basically, role is a position in the project team structure. A role correspond to a set of responsibilities. Several participants can play a single role and a single participant can play several roles. This normally depends on the scope of the project. Responsibility is the activities undertaken by a participant in a specific area. It imply a decision-making power and an obligation to assume the consequences of one’s decisions. A clear assignment of roles and responsibilities is necessary to ensure that each team member in the project knows exactly what is expected of them and other team members.<\/p>\n

For better effectiveness, each team must have specific objectives with consensus decision-making procedures. The teams must receive training several weeks before the project starts and the training must clearly explain the sequence of works, the overall architecture and monitoring mechanisms. Of course, not everybody will agree with the way the project is being organized so there will be challenge and this is where the skill of the project manager and system architect are needed to handle this kind of situation.\u00a0 Some technical leaders may question the domain of its empowerment. It is normal for the initial domain to be incompletely defined. Sometimes technical leader will make a decision outside of its domain or someone not on the team may make a decision within the domain. In either case, care must be taken to explain the basis for changing the decision to make sure that the team and project approach is not undermined.<\/p>\n

Project communication is the timely collection, dissemination and disposition of project information. Communication provides the critical links among people, and the exchange of ideas and information (i.e. instructions, messages, status reports, policies, etc.) between the individuals that are necessary for the execution of the project. Everyone involved in the project sends and receives information, and they must understand how the communications in which they are involved affect the project as a whole. Project managers must work at building effective communication with project team members and upper management. They must determine the communication and informational needs of project participants, and implement the tools to capture information, and to facilitate the access and distribution of relevant project information, horizontally as well as vertically within the organization. Determining the correct content (e.g. an executive summary, an outlined or detailed content), and mode of distribution to a single team member on the one hand and to all team members on the other hand is essential to the success of the project.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vai … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2726"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2727,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2726\/revisions\/2727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}