{"id":2697,"date":"2013-07-06T18:25:24","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T11:25:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2697"},"modified":"2013-07-06T18:25:24","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T11:25:24","slug":"quan-li-rui-ro","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2697","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t r\u1ee7i ro, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a r\u1ee7i ro, cung c\u1ea5p \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m trao \u0111\u1ed5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u1edf tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 r\u1ee7i ro k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, r\u1ee7i ro nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o t\u1eeb d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea1m vi, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1ng, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hay c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 R\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

\u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea9n m\u1ec1m b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 can nhi\u1ec5u v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0o r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, qui tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t, \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u00e1 cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed hay ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1ee3p l\u00ed nh\u1ea5t. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ra l\u1ec7nh cho t\u1ed5 l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed g\u00e2y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0ng khi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb mu\u1ed9n, \u0111\u1ea7y l\u1ed7i, th\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, l\u1ea5y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 T\u00f4i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Risk Management<\/p>\n

Today, most software projects are large and more complex therefore they are more riskier than before. Project managers must take time to manage project risks because it is a key factor in determining a project\u2019s success.\u00a0 To managing risks, managers must identify all risks, plan prevention, monitor risks, and managing changes.\u00a0 By understanding risk management, project manager can avoid and reduce the impact of risks, provide better schedule and budget estimations and achieve customer satisfaction.<\/p>\n

Risk management also involves continuous communication about risks to the project team and monitor all identified risks to stay on top of anything that may happen during the project. In order to identify risks, managers can consider typical software project issues such as technical risks, personnel risks and estimation risks.\u00a0 In addition to common risks there can be specific risks unique to a project. Any data from similar projects can be helpful in identifying these unique risks. Based on this information, plans can be made to handle the risks. Most software projects have the following risks: Size estimation, Budget limitation, New technology implementation, Limited customer involvement, Market changes, Staff turnover, Scope changes, Hardware dependency issues, Network dependency issues, Project team\u2019s skills issues, and Teamwork issues. Project manager must determine risks that are likely to occur or risks that will cause a great impact and monitor them carefully and handled as early as possible.\u00a0 The earlier that risks are mitigated, the less costly the impact.<\/p>\n

Estimation risks are very common in software projects because it is difficult to accurately predict how long development will take. A project manager must continuously track the actual progress against the schedule to determine if the project is progressing according to target. In most software projects, changes in requirements often occur and interfere with the development progress and they should be part of risk management because they impact the schedule and put the project at risk for not being completed on time. To deal with requirement changes, a change control process must be established to ensures that changes are monitored, prioritized so the team can work them accordingly. Sometime, customers want these changes to be implemented immediately but do not want to change the schedule. This is where the negotiation skills of the project manager will become important. A good project manager knows how to negotiate with customers about changes and still achieve customer satisfaction because how he discusses and negotiates on changes will determine the outcomes of the project.<\/p>\n

A good project manager must balance the team\u2019s working schedules with customer requests by considering both when evaluating changes. Project manager can address request for changes by adjusting resources, time, cost or functionality and discuss with the team to come up with the best reasonable solution. Many inexperienced project managers do not know how to negotiate but hurry to agree with customers and order the team to do something unreasonable which impact productivity, incur more defects and destroy teamwork. It usually ends up with the customer is happy because the request for change is agreed to for a short time but when the product is late, full of defects, then the customer would be very unhappy for a long time.<\/p>\n

Every software project has request for changes but a good software project managers know how to handle change issues by using risk management skills to prevent them or lessen their impact. This includes identifying change risks, assessing them, determining solutions, taking action and constantly monitoring the project for impact.\u00a0 I strongly believe that risk management along with good estimation and negotiation skills are the minimum skills needed by all software project managers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2697","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2697"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2699,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2697\/revisions\/2699"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2697"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2697"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2697"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}