{"id":2693,"date":"2013-07-06T18:23:05","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T11:23:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2693"},"modified":"2013-07-06T18:23:05","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T11:23:05","slug":"trac-nghiem-va-kiem-nghiem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2693","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t email m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi vi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m &#8211; Verification v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m Validation (V&amp;V) l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau k\u0129 thu\u1eadt V&amp;V?&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i: Nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eabn cho nhau trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Theo B\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb chu\u1ea9n IEEE v\u1ec1 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u pha \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng.&#8221; Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 &#8220;Qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n trong hay cu\u1ed1i qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng.&#8221; V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf li\u1ec7u c\u00e1i ra c\u1ee7a pha c\u00f3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo c\u00e1i v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a pha kh\u00f4ng, tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i v\u00e0o l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u1ee7, cho n\u00ean ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f3 v\u00e0i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn r\u01a1i v\u00e0o hai khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh: Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u0129nh.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ra, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ra. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00eam th\u00e0nh ba lo\u1ea1i &#8211; ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. D\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ed9p \u0111en v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ed9p tr\u1eafng). N\u00f3 d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e0 s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u00a0&#8211; Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed trong t\u1eadp m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra.<\/li>\n<li>Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u0129nh l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng trong khi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00eam th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n\u00a0&#8211; C\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00fang c\u00fa ph\u00e1p, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang tham bi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 th\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li>K\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111o\u00a0&#8211; K\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111o c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c sinh l\u1ed7i, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1ch ti\u00eam l\u1ed7i (ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m), ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c. Ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf cu\u1ed1i chu k\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 con nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u00a0&#8211; Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 logic \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<li>Ti\u00eam l\u1ed7i\u00a0&#8211; Ti\u00eam l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c\u00a0&#8211; Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a nguy c\u01a1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ee7i ro\u00a0\u2013 qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Verification and validation<\/p>\n<p>I received an email where the sender wrote: \u201cWhat is the difference between Verification and Validation (V&amp;V) and how many V&amp;V techniques are there?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>My answer: Many students confuse about the terms verification and validation because they are used interchangeably in some textbooks. However, there are differences in their meaning. According to the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology, Verification is defined as &#8220;The process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase.&#8221; Validation is defined as &#8220;The process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the development process to determine whether it satisfies specified requirements.&#8221; Basically, verification demonstrates whether the output of a phase conforms to the input of a phase, however it will not detect errors if the input is incorrect. Because it is NOT enough to depend on verification alone, so validation is necessary to check for problems with the requirement specification to demonstrate that the system is working accordingly.<\/p>\n<p>There are several verification techniques but most fall into two major areas: Dynamic testing and Static testing.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dynamic testing\u00a0involves the execution of a system or component. Basically, a number of test cases are chosen, where each test case consists of test data. These input test cases are used to determine output test results. Dynamic testing can be further divided into three categories &#8211; functional testing, structural testing, and random testing.<\/li>\n<li>Functional testing\u00a0involves identifying and testing all the functions of the system as defined within the requirements. This form of testing is an example of black-box testing since it involves no knowledge of the implementation of the system.<\/li>\n<li>Structural testing\u00a0involves testing that has full knowledge of the implementation of the system (white-box testing). It uses the information from the internal structure of a system to devise tests to check the operation of individual components. Functional and structural testing both involve test cases that check a particular characteristic of the system.<\/li>\n<li>Random testing\u00a0&#8211; Testing that freely chooses test cases among the set of all possible test cases. The use of randomly determined inputs can detect faults that go undetected by other systematic testing techniques.<\/li>\n<li>Static testing\u00a0is test that does not involve the execution of the system or component. Some can be performed manually while others are automated. Static testing can be further divided into techniques that analyze consistency and techniques that measure program property.<\/li>\n<li>Consistency techniques\u00a0&#8211; Techniques that are used to insure program properties such as correct syntax, correct parameter matching between procedures, correct typing, and correct requirements and specifications translation.<\/li>\n<li>Measurement techniques\u00a0&#8211; Techniques that measure properties such as error proneness, understandability, and well-structuredness.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are several validation techniques such as formal methods, fault injection (Hardware and software), risk analysis and dependability analysis. Validation usually takes place at the end of the development cycle, and looks at the complete system as opposed to verification, which focuses on smaller sub-systems.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Formal methods\u00a0&#8211; Formal methods use mathematic and logic techniques to express, investigate, and analyze the specification, design, documentation, and behavior of both hardware and software.<\/li>\n<li>Fault injection\u00a0&#8211; Fault injection is the intentional activation of faults by either hardware or software means to observe the system operation under fault conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Dependability analysis\u00a0&#8211; Dependability analysis involves identifying hazards and then proposing methods that reduces the risk of the hazard occurring.<\/li>\n<li>Risk analysis\u00a0\u2013 the process of identifying the possible consequences of each hazard and their probability of occurring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t email m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eedi vi\u1ebft: \u201cKh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m &#8211; Verification v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m Validation (V&amp;V) l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u00f3 &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2693","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-hoi-va-dap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2693","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2693"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2693\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2694,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2693\/revisions\/2694"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2693"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2693"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2693"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}