{"id":2665,"date":"2013-07-06T17:35:44","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T10:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2665"},"modified":"2013-07-06T17:35:44","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T10:35:44","slug":"quan-li-du-an-phan-mem-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2665","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u0129 n\u0103ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong l\u1edbp hay \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00f3 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m trong s\u1ed5 tay, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo qui tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1c pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai cho b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u1ebfp. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1ng t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u01b0\u01a1ng bu\u1ed3m \u0111i ra \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thuy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edfng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd ch\u0103m lo t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed. L\u00e0m sao \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ed5 v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch thu\u00ea, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed KH\u00d4NG bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 m\u00e0 l\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 “hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 thao”. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed gi\u1ecfi c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cho t\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: \u201cCh\u0103m s\u00f3c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho b\u1ea1n.\u201d Nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec7n, n\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 thao b\u1ecb thua, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng sa th\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 m\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n vi\u00ean. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng sa th\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 sa th\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro cho n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 r\u1ee7i ro, x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 chung cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u1ea5t gi\u1eef c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG th\u1ec3 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t n\u0103m t\u1edbi b\u1ea9y n\u0103m v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. “C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt” c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb sai l\u1ea7m qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 “k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m” v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd kh\u1edbp v\u00e0o, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eed b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e0ng chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software Project Management<\/p>\n

The key to the success of any software project is the establishment of good requirements. From these requirements, project manager can set goals, directions, and communicate them to team members. It is important that both users and developers clearly understand the requirements as well as the expectations. Of course, project manager must make sure that the requirements are complete, correct, precise, consistent, testable, and traceable.<\/p>\n

In software work, project planning is very important as it is the basis for managing the project. The project manager’s ability to control and manage the project is highly dependent on the accuracy of the plan. A good project plan must include project estimates, schedules, resources, skill requirements, key technologies and risk management. The plan should also include how configuration management, quality assurance, are being applied and how progress are being tracked. Project planning is a skill that requires a lot of experiences. You may learn about project planning in class or reading books but you will need to practice it for many years before you can develop the skill to create an accurate plan. Among planning, project estimates is probably the most difficult skill to master so I suggest that you keep track of all your estimates in a notebook, review the differences between what you have estimated and what actually happened and use them to improve your estimation skills.<\/p>\n

Because requirements often change, you also need to control the changes according to a defined change control process and meet with users to set priority for these changes. As project manager, you should select an incremental release development lifecycle and \u201cfreeze requirements\u201d before starting design and implementation phases and postpone further changes to the next release. By incrementally build the software, you can release the product based on users\u2019 priorities and avoid reacting to last minute requirements change.<\/p>\n

A project without a skilled manager is like sailing across the ocean without a captain. The skilled project manager know how to control the project and must have decision power over all resources required to execute the project. The manager also know how to work with the customers to clarify requirements and understand their expectations. Different customers have different expectations. Some want quality but other may want more functionality, some would care about schedule but other only concern with costs. How to prioritize different expectations and balance different views is the skill of the project manager. That is why beside technical and management skills, a good manager should also have negotiation and communication skills.<\/p>\n

A good project manager know how to involve the team in some decision-making activities. By having team members participate into planning and tracking the project, the team will feel that they have something to say and at least some decisions about their project and commit to make the project more successful. One of the key factors in software project is the skills of project team members. A good manager always know how to hire, train and develop the best team members possible. Unfortunately, today many project managers are only focusing on the number of people needed rather than the skills needed. This is a big mistake because NOT all developers are the same. Many manager do NOT know how to select, interview and train team members but take anyone who are available. A good project manager is similar to a \u201cCoach in a sport team\u201d. He selects members carefully, provides training, assigns them roles, responsibilities and evaluates their work performance, including their behavior and team works. A good manager also develops project training program and career path plan for the team because he knows the principle: \u201cTake care of your people first then they will take care of you\u201d. By the way, if a sport team lost, they do not fire the players but the coach. The same thing happens in software, if the project failed, they do not fire developers but the project manager.<\/p>\n

Managing a software project is also about identifying and managing the risks associated with the project. Every project have risks so the activity of identify risks and their impact early will lead to more thorough project planning. Clear identification of risk elements, their probability of occurrence, their impact of on the project, and a plan for mitigate these risks are extremely important to the success of a project. A good project manager always monitors every activities within the project. Because status information is crucial to controlling a project and ultimately ensuring project success, gathering the information on a daily basis is very important. For small projects, manager can review activities with manual methods and tools but large projects may require some automated tools and mechanisms. It is also important to save these information for use in future project planning and development efforts.<\/p>\n

Most successful project managers have managed several projects before they become successful. As I have mentioned previously, project management takes time and you can NOT hurry it. Basically it probably takes five to seven years and experiences in many projects to develop this skills. My \u201cSecret formula\u201d of being good project manager is to learn from past mistakes and manage project in a consistent way. Success requires diligently working on your technical, managerial and \u201cSoft-skills\u201d and most of all treat your team member with respect and fairness. Make sure they know what is going on, how they fit in, communicate with them often to eliminates any confusion, and ensures repeatability. The more manager shares information and communicates with team members the better the project can be.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2665"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2666,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions\/2666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}