{"id":2551,"date":"2013-07-06T15:56:06","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T08:56:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2551"},"modified":"2013-07-06T15:56:06","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T08:56:06","slug":"nguoi-kiem-thu-moi-can-lam-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2551","title":{"rendered":"Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec?"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t email t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean: \u201cEm s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trong Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u0103m nay v\u00e0 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 em s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng? Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ‘l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh’ n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng?”<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn sinh vi\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u01a1i h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c. Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean, t\u00f4i d\u00f9ng v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed agile trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c:<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1edbi. M\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp “kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng”. Trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i), ph\u1ea1m vi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, th\u1eddi gian, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v.v.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Requirement Specification (SRS) n\u01a1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m SRS v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed bao qu\u00e1t m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed (ai s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00f4 \u0111un n\u00e0o), lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo l\u1ecbch (nh\u01b0, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, an ninh, r\u00e0 l\u1ea1i v.v..), s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ti\u00eau ch\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed (h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u1ec1n). B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft ra b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n n\u00ean l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac (m\u1ee9c cao) v\u00e0 pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf (m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft) n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 \u0111un kh\u00e1c nhau hay c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra, c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00f4 \u0111un nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, c\u00e1ch t\u1eebng m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n). B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng m\u00f4 \u0111un hay nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi SRS.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh r\u1ed3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed KH\u00d4NG tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG hi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd b\u1ecf l\u1ee1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 sau trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fac h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG th\u00edch ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft k\u0129 thu\u1eadt t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ed3i y\u00ean t\u0129nh v\u00e0 “c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngu”. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: \u201cKh\u00f4ng ai ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd h\u1ecfi b\u1ea1n c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i sau khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng. Cho n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG mu\u1ed1n “c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngu” s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng sau khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng m\u00f4 \u0111un ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u1ec1 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00f4 \u0111un b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u00f4 \u0111un n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u00fang. Ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00f4 \u0111un l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e9t h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m tra li\u1ec7u m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u00f3 ch\u1ea1y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 theo d\u00f5i v\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 sau. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan trong l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u l\u00e0 “\u0111\u00f3ng”. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n “m\u1edf” ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa. Lo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed r\u00e0 l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ed7i sau khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra l\u1ed7i m\u1edbi. M\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ed7i (b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0 g\u1eedi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n (\u0110\u00f4i khi h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh d\u1ef1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 v\u00e0i ki\u1ec3u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, tu\u1ef3 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0i m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p r\u1ed3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u00f4 \u0111un. N\u1ebfu v\u00e0i m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. C\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ee5 \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n, hay c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau v.v. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u trong b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean SRS.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u qua, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. (Th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong “m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng” ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7). N\u1ebfu s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: \u201cN\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\u00a0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SRS) \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 SRS s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n bu\u1ed3n ng\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n \u0111ang h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c). B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u1edbi, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng hay ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, hay KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. R\u1ee7i ro ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi chi ti\u1ebft k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u1eeaNG \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi khi pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 xong r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0o c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd r\u1ed3i th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n khi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 theo d\u00f5i l\u1ed7i (c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f5i l\u1ed7i) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ed7i (b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u1ed7i).<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Xin gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn h\u1ecdc v\u00ec ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

What does a new tester need?<\/p>\n

I received an email from a student: \u201cI will graduate in Computer Science this year and look for job. It is likely that I will start as a software tester. Are there differences between school and industry regarding software testing? How would the actual testing be done in a software company? Do you have any \u201cpractical advices\u201d ?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: Most computing students start their careers as software testers where they learn about software project before move on to other positions. Following are some advices, I am using the waterfall life cycle since it is still being used in most companies, I will discuss agile testing in another writing:<\/p>\n

Assume that you are starting on a new project. Every project starts with a project \u201ckick off\u201d meeting. In this meeting the project manager will explain about the customers and users of the project (Internal or external), the project scope, time, schedule and when it must be delivered. The manager will assign roles, responsibilities and authority of team members. For example Project manager, Technical leaders, Quality Assurances, Team leaders, Developers, Testers etc.<\/p>\n

Most projects start from the Software Requirement Specification (SRS) where the project plan is developed. The first thing testers must do is to review the SRS and create a Software Testing Plan. The testing plan can be separated or included in the project plan. The testing plan covers all testing activities: Objectives, testing assignments (Who will test what module), what kinds of test to be conducted according to the schedule (i.e., Integration, security, function, regression, etc.), the number of functions to be tested, risk criteria, testing schedule, testing methods, testing tools, and testing environment (Platform support). The testing plan will be reviewed by project manager for approval. Typically, test leader will write the testing plan but all testers could participate and contribute to the plan. Even if you are a new tester, you should be familiar with the testing plan because this is the first document that you must understand well to do your job.<\/p>\n

The project will go to the Architecture phase (High level) and Design phase (Detailed level) where project work is divided into different modules or smaller tasks and distributed to developers to code. Testers must participate in both architecture and design reviews to understand how the project work is broken down, how each function is divided into smaller modules, how each module is divided into smaller tasks (If needed). By understand these project works, testers can create test scenarios and test cases according to each assigned modules or tasks. These test cases will be combined later into functional test cases according to the SRS.<\/p>\n

Many testers do not like to participate in reviews, but wait until coding is done then start writing test cases. That is a big mistake. If testers do NOT participate in reviews, they will NOT understand the project well enough to write good test cases. If they miss anything, it will create more problems later in the validation activity. It is essential for all project members, including testers and developers, to participate in project reviews because these are the time where they really learn about the project. Many new testers told me that they do NOT like reviews as they have too many technical details that they do not understand, and they do not want sit quiet and \u201clook stupid\u201d. My answer is: \u201cNo one would pay attention at you since you just start on your new job. However, people will ask you questions and have expectations after you have been on the job for several months. So it is important for you, as new testers to learn something fast, if you do NOT want to \u201clook stupid\u201d six months after working there but still could not answer anything.<\/p>\n

When developers complete their individual modules, they will test their own code (Unit Test) before assigned to testers for independent verification.\u00a0Testers will start Module Testing by execute their own test cases to make sure that these modules work. If they fail, modules are reassigned back to developers to fix them. Module testing is non-exhausting, only to check if the module run accordingly and not go into the details. At this time, any defect found must be logged into a tracking tool for later verification. It is important to ensure that all identified defects are fixed before release to customers. After developers fixed defects, testers must execute their tests again to verify that it passes and the defect will be marked as \u201cclosed\u201d. Otherwise, it is still \u201cOpen\u201d means it is not fixed yet. This kind of Regression Test is very important to find defects after changes or fixes have been made. It is designed to assure that a change or a fix do not create new defects. All information about defects must be documented in Defect status report (Bug Report) and send to project manager on a weekly basis (Sometime, daily if it is a daily build process).<\/p>\n

There are several types of test, depending on the project and customer\u2019s requirements. Usually, several modules are combined then tester will execute Integration test or Module integration test. If several modules are combined into a function then testers will execute the Functional tests. There are additional tests that get into more details such as tests to check for compatibility, interfaces, security, and sometime testing on different hardware, Operating System versions,\u00a0platforms, or different browsers etc. All these tests must be planned and documented in the Test plan based on the SRS.<\/p>\n

Finally if every test passes, the entire software product is undergoes the System Test in a testing environment similar to the users\u2019 environment. (Sometime it can be done in the actual user\u2019s environment, if the project is internal or in-house project). If the product passes all test cases, testers will write a final test report and project manager will make decision to release the product to customer.<\/p>\n

My advice is: \u201cIf you start to work as a new tester, you must learn about the software project life cycle being used in the project. You must review the software requirement specifications (SRS) to understand the project (I know that it is boring, some SRS will make you sleepy but remember that you are learning on the job now and this is real). You must understand the project goals and objectives, as well as schedule and target date for release. As a new tester, you must know the test plan in detail so you understand the test objectives, testing methods, features or functions to be tested, or NOT to be tested. Testing risks, testing schedule, supporting environment and platform to be used for testing and all the technical detail about software testing. It is very important for you to participate in all project reviews. Do NOT wait until coding phase to start working on your test cases. You must start writing test cases at the same time developers start their design then add more details when more information is available.. You must learn how to use defect tracking tools (Bug tracking tool) and be able to write a defect status report (Bug report).<\/p>\n

It may seems like a lot but there are more things that you will have to learn in the software industry to advance your career. Please keep a positive attitude and remember that you are still learning as your professional career is only just begun.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t email t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean: \u201cEm s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p trong Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh n\u0103m nay v\u00e0 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. C\u00f3 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2551"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2551\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2552,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2551\/revisions\/2552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2551"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}