{"id":2533,"date":"2013-07-06T15:23:01","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T08:23:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2533"},"modified":"2013-07-06T15:23:01","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T08:23:01","slug":"uoc-luong-du-an-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2533","title":{"rendered":"\u01af\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t cho h\u1ecd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra. Kh\u00f4ng may, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong bao l\u00e2u cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u00edch. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u1edf v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u1ea5u v\u00ec ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ra l\u1ec7nh cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n x\u00f4 v\u00e0o thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec v\u1edbi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u00e3. Ch\u1eb3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 nhanh h\u01a1n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf “ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd” cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho t\u1ed5 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i v\u00e0o pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n g\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho chuy\u1ec3n giao. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng sinh l\u1ed7i v\u00ec c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 sang pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd chi tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd th\u00edch vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m pha vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 qua y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n n\u00f3i: \u201cVi\u1ebft m\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau.\u201d K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n. Thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 \u0111i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n: \u201cTr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh theo \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng ch\u00f3ng ch\u00f3ng l\u00ean v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e2u.\u201d D\u01b0\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c \u00e9p n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

K\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e1ch ai \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u201cL\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang.\u201d Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201cL\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Anh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng sao? KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a anh \u0111i b\u1ea3o kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd l\u00e0 sai.\u201d Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129, \u0111\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 r\u1ed3i. Khi kh\u00f4ng ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd KH\u00d4NG t\u1ef1 sa th\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00ec anh ta kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i bung xung cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec? Khi b\u1ea1n mua m\u00e1y MP3, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, hay laptop b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng? Cho n\u00ean t\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u? T\u1ea1i sao b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3i ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao l\u00e0 s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd: \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4i ki\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i xem li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng.\u201d Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, \u0110\u1eeaNG tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea1n CH\u01afA chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u1ecd. B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u logic v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 cho v\u1edbi t\u1ed5. N\u0103m hay m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n l\u00e0m ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 bao nhi\u00eau ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, bao nhi\u00eau nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian k\u1ebft th\u00fac ch\u00fang. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111ang n\u00f3i t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u1ea3 b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c logic v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ea7n t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u s\u00e1u th\u00e1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n t\u00e1m th\u00e1ng nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nghe.\u201d Cho n\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1ea1n \u0111i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u1ea5y b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e1 ra th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u00f4ng may, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng KH\u00d4NG d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 h\u1ecdc ch\u00fang.\u00a0 C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i b\u00e1o tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi tr\u00ean internet v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho n\u00ean xin t\u00ecm ch\u00fang \u0111i. Khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p l\u00ed, khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u00ec b\u1ea1n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u01b0\u1edbc sang vai tr\u00f2 ti\u1ebfp: V\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Project estimates<\/p>\n

Many software projects have issue because of the schedules that customers set for them. Because project managers do not know how to estimate the time it takes to complete the project so they agree to whatever date the customers set. Unfortunately, most customers also do not know how long the project could be done so they just arbitrary set a date that they like. That is why project is in a bad position as the date is set based on a guess NOT on the time required.<\/p>\n

Many project managers also do not know how to plan their works. They hurry to get the project starts by order the team to rush through designs and start coding because to them software is code. The sooner people can code the faster they can complete projects. Some project managers want to demonstrate \u201ctheir progresses\u201d to senior managers by having the team codes and tests as soon as possible because senior managers only see progress when project is getting into testing phase because it means the project is almost complete and ready for delivery. This will put the project into an error-prone situation as the work is done in a hurry just to get to the testing phase.<\/p>\n

Many developers do not know anything better. They just follow the project manager\u2019s direction because they like to code. Of course, they know about other phases in the life cycle but most schools emphasize coding so they do what they learn best by get to the coding phase. I have seen many developers rush through requirements, design in a matter of days so they can\u00a0 code. Some even say: \u201cCode first, ask question later\u201d. The result is a software product with a lot of defects and may not have what customer\u2019s needs.<\/p>\n

Of course the customer is not happy and may request: \u201cThat is NOT what I want. Change it or I will not pay\u201d. Senior managers who want to achieve customer\u2019s satisfaction will pressure the developers: \u201cGo back and change your code to what the customer wants but hurry as there is not much time\u201d. Under this kind of pressure, everyone will blame somebody else.<\/p>\n

This scenario happens often in every company but few people know what to do because everybody is blaming somebody else. As developer, you may know that the schedule is unreasonable and tell the project manager \u201cThat schedule does not seem correct\u201d. However, the manager may say \u201cThat schedule comes from the customer, Don\u2019t you understand about customer satisfaction? It is NOT your job to tell the customer that he is wrong.\u201d So you shake the head and go back to code because it is NOT your fault. Of course the manager also has the same uncomfortable feeling but it is NOT his fault either because he did not set the date. The customer also has the same feeling but he think, that is NOT his fault as he sets an arbitrary date but the team accepted it anyway. When no one is responsible for anything than the project will fail. When it happens, there will be casualty as customer will NOT accept the product and will NOT pay. Manager will NOT fire himself so the easiest person to blame is the people in the lowest position: The developer. Everybody will say that it is the fault of the developer as he does not complete the project according to what the customer ask for. As developer, you are the scapegoat for everything.<\/p>\n

So what should you do? When you buy a MP3, a Mobile phone, or a laptop you do negotiate on prices don\u2019t you? So why don\u2019t you learn on how to negotiate the schedule? Why do you just accept it without any question? What you need is to prepare for negotiation. When managers say the delivery date is six months, you must tell them: \u201cLet me check to see if I can do it within the schedule that you ask for\u201d. Even you know the schedule is unreasonable, do NOT argue at that time because you are NOT prepare to convince them yet. You need time to come up with a logical and reasonable schedule by review the given schedule with the team. Five or ten people is better than one so together with the team, you make a project plan with all the work breakdown to detailed level of how many functions, how many tasks, as well as the needed efforts to complete the entire project and the time to finish them. Now, you can approach the manager as a team and tell them what the schedule is. As a team, you show the manager the project plan with all the works and convince the manager that the team know what they are talking about.<\/p>\n

If you can show the manager how do you come up with the new schedule either he agrees with you or counter it with another. Basically, both of you begin to negotiate on a logical and reasonable way to solve the problem. If the project needs eight months and NOT six months, the last thing your manager wants is to agree to a six months schedule because it will fail. In that case, your manager will have to go back to customer and let him know about the new schedule. No manager would want a fail project if he knows that he could lose his job. No manager would like to see their people tell them : \u201cI already told you that it needs eight months but you did not listen\u201d. So it is the manager\u2019s turn to convince the customer and very likely that he will ask you to come with him because it is your work and you know all the details. This is your chance to demonstrate to the customer about your ability to estimate and your negotiation skill. If they agree with you and the project turns out successful, everybody will know about you and that is your chance to look good in front of senior managers and customers.<\/p>\n

Of course, you must learn more about project estimate and how to negotiate and communicate. Unfortunately, most schools do NOT teach these skills so you need to learn them yourself.\u00a0 There are many excellent articles on the internet about these topics so please do search for them. When you can come up with a reasonable schedule, when you can negotiate with customers then you are ready to step into your next role: The project manager position.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t cho h\u1ecd. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2533"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2533\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2534,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2533\/revisions\/2534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2533"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2533"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}