{"id":2475,"date":"2013-07-06T14:38:24","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T07:38:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2475"},"modified":"2013-07-06T14:38:24","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T07:38:24","slug":"lap-ke-hoach-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2475","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ch\u1ee9 KH\u00d4NG l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 s\u1ebd cho t\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i b\u1ea3o anh ta: \u201cT\u00f4i bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. H\u1ecd tin \u201cPh\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 m\u00e3\u201d cho n\u00ean vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG BAO GI\u1edc n\u00ean vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00e1i g\u00ec. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u201cNHU C\u1ea6U TH\u1ef0C\u201d. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 “nhu c\u1ea7u” nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “\u01b0\u1edbc ao” m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng, B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 “nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c” m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 “\u01b0\u1edbc ao” m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian.\u201d<\/p>\n

Anh ta d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n?\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cV\u00e2ng, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00ed th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u00ec b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u00e1 ch\u00fang. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ed3i th\u1ea9m tra danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n. T\u1eeb danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean ho\u00e1, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khi t\u1eebng l\u00fac m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00fang trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.”<\/p>\n

Anh ta b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \u201cV\u1eady l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u00f4i c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m g\u00ec kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa?\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cTh\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt chuy\u1ec3n giao, hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v.v. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang trong bao l\u00e2u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c (WBS) chia nh\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1nh x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. V\u1edbi t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n v\u00e0i nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u00ec th\u1eddi gian. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c (gi\u1edd hay ng\u00e0y) c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cho t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n cho kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ecdi kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hay th\u1eddi gian ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.\u201d<\/p>\n

Anh ta l\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c: \u201cL\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 Microsoft \u201cProject\u201d m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. V\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n KH\u00d4NG l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea3y qua.<\/p>\n

Anh ta l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1: \u201cNh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i?\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cL\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 ba tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn: \u0110\u00f2i th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. \u0110\u00f2i th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f2i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u00fat b\u1edbt ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hay y\u00eau c\u1ea7u (ph\u1ea1m vi). B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea1n \u0111i t\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c (WBS) v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft, kho\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v.v. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi l\u1ea7n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 “ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n” l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh logic \u0111\u1ec3 chia nh\u1ecf m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u1ebd cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n v\u00e0o k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n hay n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tu\u1ef3 ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.”<\/p>\n

Anh ta g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201cB\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u00ec t\u00f4i hi\u1ec3u, v\u1eady l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng logic \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i b\u1ea3o anh ta: \u201cCh\u00ednh x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft, b\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft ki\u1ec3u k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c chuy\u00ean gia n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. Tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5\u00a0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tr\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Anh ta h\u1ecfi: \u201cC\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng?\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cB\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. R\u1ee7i ro th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c quan. Cho d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i v\u00e0o sau khi b\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho h\u1ecd. Thu th\u1eadp m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb h\u1ecd v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. R\u1ee7i ro kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian. M\u1ed9t khi b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ra r\u1ee7i ro, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang x\u1ea3y ra hay l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft ra \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u1ebfu r\u1ee7i ro xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro m\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nh\u1edb l\u1ea5y, khi r\u1ee7i ro b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111i m\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e2u. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u00ec b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Plan a software project<\/p>\n

A software developer came to see me: \u201cI was promoted to manage a small project. My boss told me to focus on coding NOT planning because planning is a wasting of time. Coding will give the team more time to complete the project. My question is how to plan a project without wasting time and still achieve success?\u201d<\/p>\n

I told him: \u201cI know some managers like to have their people to code as soon as possible. They believe \u201cSoftware is Code\u201d so coding means their people are working. That is a big mistake because they do not understand the value of planning. Project planning is the roadmap on how to manage the project and achieve the goals. Without planning you just react to whatever happen and never be able to control your project. A project is successful when it meets the needs of the customers. You should NEVER code before you really understand what the customer needs. The best way to do this is by conducting customer interviews to understand the \u201cTRUE NEEDS\u201d. Customer often talk about many things, some are \u201cneeds\u201d but some are only \u201cwishes\u201d which may not be important. You must find out what are the \u201creal needs\u201d that you must do and what are the \u201cwishes\u201d that you may do if you have time\u201d.<\/p>\n

He seemed surprised: \u201cI did not know interview customer is a part of project planning?\u201d<\/p>\n

I explained: \u201cYes, planning always start with the understand of customer\u2019s needs. Without this understanding, you cannot plan anything and it is a waste of time. Once you have all the needs or requirements from the customer then the next step is to prioritize them. You must list all requirements from the most important items to the least important then verify this list with the customer to make sure they agree with you. From the prioritized list, the next step is develop a set of goals that can be measured for each item. This will help you to monitor the progress of the project when each time a goal is achieved. Once you have established a set of goals, you can document them in the project plan.<\/p>\n

He commend: \u201cSo project planning is about document project goals. What else do I need to do?\u201d<\/p>\n

I explained: \u201cYour success is to achieve these goals but planning is more than that. The next step is to using these goals to define a list of items that you must do to meet those goals. An item can be a function, a feature, a deliverable, or a document etc. By having these items clearly defined then you can estimate how long do you need to complete them. This is basically a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) technique that breakdown the requirements into many items that can map into the goal of the project. For each item, you must identify all tasks that need to be done to complete the item. One item may need several tasks, a task is the amount of work that can be assigned to a person within a period of time. You must estimate the amount of effort (hours or days) required to complete the task and how many developer (Resource) needed to do all these tasks. If you know the amount of effort for each task and the number of tasks to complete an item then you can calculate all efforts required for each item. Eventually, you can calculate the total effort to complete all items so in the end, you have an accurate efforts or time to complete the entire project\u201d.<\/p>\n

He shook his head: \u201cThat sound difficult and is a lot of works.\u201d<\/p>\n

I continued: \u201cProject planning is about estimate the amount of works and the time it take to complete the project. To make it easier, you could use a software such as Microsoft \u201cProject\u201d to organize your works. You could put in all the items, tasks, durations and resources needed to complete the project. For every project, the customer would give the project manager a time schedule that they think is reasonable. This is the time that you should compare your own schedule estimates and the customer\u2019s required delivery date. If there is a difference, then you must negotiate the schedule immediately. If you do NOT plan, you never know whether the customers\u2019 schedule is correct or not. That is why I think project planning is very important and should never be skipped.<\/p>\n

He hesitated: \u201cBut what if the customer do not agree with my schedule?\u201d<\/p>\n

I explained: \u201cAs project manager, you must know how to negotiate. You have three options: Asking for more time to complete the project based on your own estimates. Asking for more people (Resources) to work on the project. Asking customer to reduce functionality or requirements (scope). You must show the customer the process of how do you come up with your estimates using Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and the detailed project goals, items, tasks, efforts etc. This also show the customer that you know how to plan and how to manage the project. From my own experience, the customer would be impressed with your ability. Most of the time, customer just \u201cGuessing\u201d a schedule without knowing the detail so having a logic process to breakdown things that you must do would give the customer more confidence in your skills. They may agree with you or if not they would negotiate certain options.<\/p>\n

He nodded: \u201cI understand now, so planning is to come up with a logical estimates for renegotiation with customer\u201d.<\/p>\n

I told him: \u201cExactly, but it is much more than just estimate. It also help you to build your project team. By understand all the tasks in detail, you know what type of skills that you will need so you can identify certain people with certain expertise for your team. The knowledge and skills of project team will determine the success or failure of the project so you must chose team members carefully. You must describe each member\u2019s roles and responsibilities on the project plan to avoid any personal conflict among team members.<\/p>\n

He asked: \u201cis there anything else that I must do?\u201d<\/p>\n

I explained: \u201cThe next step is to identify any risk that you may encounter in the project. Risk management is an important part of software project management. You must identify as many risks to your project as possible. The most common risk is your time estimates maybe too optimistic. Even you may do your best but without a lot of experience, you may not estimate correctly. In that case, you may need help from team members. You may ask them to provide inputs after you assign then their tasks. Collect all information from them and compare with your own estimates than you may have some idea about how accurate is your schedule estimates. Another risk could be customer change their minds often after the project started and adding more requirements. In that case you must re-plan the estimates and re-negotiate for more time. Once you identify risks, you must find a solution to prevent them from happening or reduce the impact of them to the project. You must write down what you will do if the risk occurs, and what you will do to prevent it from occurring. You must discuss with the team about all risks and review them on a regular basis, adding new risks as they occur during the life of the project. Remember, when risks are ignored they don’t go away. You also must update your plan as the project progresses, things always change in software project. When the project starts, you must monitor your progress against the plan and if things do not happen as planned than you must take actions to correct them. That is what a good software project manager should do.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1edbi g\u1eb7p t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00e0m qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf. \u00d4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i b\u1ea3o … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2475","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2475"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2475\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2476,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2475\/revisions\/2476"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2475"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2475"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2475"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}