{"id":2407,"date":"2013-07-06T11:33:29","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T04:33:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2407"},"modified":"2013-07-06T11:33:29","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T04:33:29","slug":"ki-nghe-phan-mem-va-khoa-hoc-may-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2407","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o “K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m” nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 “Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh” c\u00e1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang? Sao t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau?\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa “Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh” v\u00e0 “K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m”. Xin \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean website SEGVN. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00e0o qu\u00e3ng s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i hay b\u1ea9y m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 “l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3” \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 “Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh”.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, do nhu c\u1ea7u cao v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edf c\u00e1c khoa m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “Khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh”. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eadp trung n\u1eb7ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e1y t\u00ednh h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u00e0nh d\u1eef d\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, chi ph\u00ed ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t n\u1eefa. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00fang, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 trong vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Khi k\u00edch c\u1ee1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u00e0nh kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. B\u1edfi v\u00ec k\u00edch c\u1ee1 l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u d\u00f2ng m\u00e3, l\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ra t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 h\u1ecfng cao \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Khi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1, l\u1ed7i trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la h\u00e0ng n\u0103m. T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ‘Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m’.<\/p>\n

\u2018Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u2019 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m ngo\u1eb7t l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, theo l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. Trong th\u1eddi gian n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho t\u01b0 duy hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 “gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7” cho qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, n\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 t\u01b0 duy logic v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e1y c\u01a1 kh\u00ed v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00ed k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7\u201d v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0: \u2018K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u2019.<\/p>\n

K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn “V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi” h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tu\u00e2n theo nhi\u1ec1u pha v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi cho m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ‘Th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5’, ‘M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c’, ‘X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gia t\u0103ng’, \u00a0v.v. \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 c\u0169ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi qui tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n trong m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cung c\u1ea5p b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cK\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea1y trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 cho n\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0o t\u01b0 duy logic, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.\u00a0T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eb1ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ea1y c\u1ea3 khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7. B\u1eb1ng th\u1ea1c s\u0129 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Seattle n\u0103m 1979 r\u1ed3i Carnegie Mellon v\u00e0 Stanford \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c1, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u00e0n l\u00e2m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf M\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh” th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5p hay gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00fang, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1 trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m hay k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb “g\u1ecdi” l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129, danh hi\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software Engineering and Computer Science<\/p>\n

A first year student asked me: \u201cWhy some people call the training program \u201cSoftware Engineering\u201d but other call it \u201cComputer Science\u201d which one is correct? Why different names?\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: There are several differences between \u201cComputer Science\u201d and \u201cSoftware Engineering\u201d. Please read previous articles in the SEGVN website. To understand why there are different names we need to go back in history. About sixty or seventy years ago, when computer was still a new invention, only few scientists could use them in the laboratory. At that time, hardware was the most important thing and programming was very difficult to learn. Scientists who program the computer did not follow any methodology but just \u201cdo something\u201d that make the computer work. Coding and testing were the main activities and the field was named \u201cComputer Science\u201d.<\/p>\n

During this time, due to high demand of people to program computer, universities began to open new department to train software developers for a degree called \u201cComputer Science\u201d. Because this was still a relatively new field, most people who taught computer were mathematic professors, the training program was heavily focus on mathematics.<\/p>\n

As computer was \u201ccommercialized\u201d to be used in industry, more computers were needed, more computer companies were founded and competition were fierce. With advanced electronic technology in manufacturing, computer hardware costs were going down and no longer the most important asset. On the contrary, software became more important to make computer performed more specific functions. At that time, there were very few proper development approaches, a majority of works were still in coding and testing. Most applications were developed at a very high cost and took longer to build. As software size was getting larger and more complex, many applications were difficult to maintain. Because of the large size of million lines of code, defects were impossible to fix which caused significant high failure rate. As more companies were depending on computer for automation, defects in software applications created lost of several million dollars each year. The situation was called \u201cThe Software Crisis\u201d.<\/p>\n

The \u2018Software Crisis\u2019 was a turning point that made people think seriously about the software development processes. The industry demanded certain solutions to be applied to ensure successful, cost-effective software implementation. Many people began to think about new ideas of systematic development of software that can be deliver on time, on schedule, with high quality and reasonable costs. During this time, many approaches were invented and contribute to the modern and advanced thinking of an \u201cEngineering solution\u201d to the software development process. Engineering is a discipline that exist a long time, it focuses on the application of scientific principles such as logical thinking and designing to practical ends such as building bridges, roads, mechanical machines with significant efficiency and effective. By apply \u201cEngineering principles\u201d to the development of software, a new field was created called: \u2018Software Engineering\u2019.<\/p>\n

Software Engineering advocates a systematic \u201cLife-cycle\u201d approach in all software development. It shows that software can be built following several phases with guidelines, techniques, and tools to ensure the successful completion of the project. There are many Life-cycles for every needs such as \u2018Waterfall Model\u2019, \u2018Spiral Model\u2019, \u201cIncremental build\u201d, \u00a0etc. to make it easier to develop and manage the software. These approaches also help managers understand problems which occur during the development and what to do to solve them. The engineering principle also dictates that the quality of the software product is determined by the process that create the product. By focus on the quality of the process, we can have a higher quality product.<\/p>\n

As software became more important in every industry. There were significant higher demands for software engineers and some \u00a0universities began to offer a new degree called \u201cSoftware Engineering\u201d. Most people who taught this field were engineering professors so the training program was heavily focus on logical thinking, problem solving, and development process.\u00a0Since then, software engineering degrees have been established at many universities. Most training programs\u00a0[update]<\/a><\/sup>teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering Master’s degree was established at Seattle University in 1979 then Carnegie Mellon and Stanford have established themselves as having the best training programs.<\/p>\n

Since then software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities across the world. In Asia, it is still a relatively new field because the traditional academic is slow to adopt changes. In late 1990s, S. Korea was the first country that adopted the software engineering training program, following by Japan and India.<\/p>\n

Traditionally, most software people called themselves programmers or software developers. However, in the U.S and Europe, the term \u201cprogrammer\u201d has often been used to refer to people without the degree or proper education, who are trained from vocational schools for few months and cannot do good quality works. In response, many software people called themselves software developers or software engineers to avoid being \u201ccalled\u201d programmer. In many U.S companies, the titles software developer refers to people who has a computer science degree and software engineer refers to people who has a degree in software engineering.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o “K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m” nh\u01b0ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[25,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-khoa-hoc-may-tinh","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2407"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2409,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2407\/revisions\/2409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}