{"id":2360,"date":"2013-07-06T10:26:58","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T03:26:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2360"},"modified":"2013-07-06T10:26:58","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T03:26:58","slug":"dao-tao-va-hoc-tap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2360","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, coi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 xong r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 d\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho t\u1edbi khi k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu r\u1ed3i thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p trong m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ecdi n\u0103m v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf. C\u00f4ng ti thu\u00ea ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i sa th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u01b0u th\u1ebf b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u. Ngay khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ra \u0111i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc r\u1ed3i ra \u0111i, \u0111em theo tri th\u1ee9c \u0111i c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p \u00edch l\u1ee3i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00f4ng ti c\u0169ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecm ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, gi\u00fap h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e2u h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng ti qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. Theo nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i t\u1ea1i Carnegie Mellon, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t qu\u00e3ng n\u0103m l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e3ng ba l\u1ea7n. Xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, chi ph\u00ed cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4ng ti. T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Khi h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd \u0111ang r\u1edbt l\u1ea1i sau c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh n\u00e0y, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t cho th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f4ng ti c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u00edt lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ti trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian nh\u01b0ng chung cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “k\u0129 n\u0103ng ch\u00e9o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng” m\u1edbi hay t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, hi\u1ec3u chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh doanh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0: “K\u0129 n\u0103ng ch\u00e9o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng” l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, xem nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed then ch\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea1y qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro hay ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u00f4ng lung nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 n\u00f3 v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.\u00a0N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd coi b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ecdi doanh nghi\u1ec7p, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea5t k\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a th\u00edch ng\u1ed3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t s\u1ebd m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed1n th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ebd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m cao v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00f3ng trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ng\u00e0y nay. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng r\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch r\u00fat d\u1eef li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u00edch cho c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u0111o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao, l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n cho c\u00f4ng ti, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u0169ng h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y khi h\u1ecd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o vai tr\u00f2 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n trong c\u00f4ng ti. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed doanh nghi\u1ec7p. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01a1n, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111em t\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n cho c\u00f4ng ti. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00ean m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c thay v\u00ec c\u1ee9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p then ch\u1ed1t cho c\u00f4ng ti v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, \u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Khi b\u1ea1n \u0111i l\u00ean, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u1ede nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y, k\u0129 n\u0103ng ‘th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n’ b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng ‘l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o’. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1ecfi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi nh\u01b0ng khi b\u1ea1n l\u00ean m\u1ee9c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cap, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u201ck\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed\u201d sang th\u00e0nh \u201ck\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d. T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ec5n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc th\u00eam v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, ai l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1ecb th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ti b\u1ea1n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 “tr\u1ea7n” m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t. Trong m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd KH\u00d4NG c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u0103ng hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 “tr\u1ea7n” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u0103ng c\u1ea5p ra ngo\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p doanh nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i hay ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi sai v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn. Cho d\u00f9 \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec9nh, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee3 ph\u1ea1m sai l\u1ea7m cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd d\u1eebng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh khi h\u1ecd \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng ti th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00f4ng ti. Nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc qua \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t cho k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p, hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o l\u00ed l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c CEO th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t, g\u1ea7n 90% s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u00ean t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch hay CEO c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gia t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea1n th\u00e0nh quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa cho c\u00f4ng ti. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n cam k\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p hay “k\u0129 n\u0103ng ch\u00e9o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng” b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111i xa, xa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n h\u1ecdc, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd lo ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm t\u1edbi b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Training and Learning<\/p>\n

Some software students graduate, get jobs, consider their study is done and stop learning. Some companies hire software developers, let them work until their skills become obsolete then replace them with new developers who have better skills. There is a shortage of software developers in every country. There is also a large number of unemployed software developers in every country too. Technology changes very fast, new technology emerges every year and developers that do not update their skills will be at an disadvantage. Company that hiring then firing workers will also be at an disadvantage because good developers do not stay long. As soon as they have experiences they will leave for better places. The best way to keep developers and grow the company is having more trainings to keep employees update with technology.<\/p>\n

However, managers often fear that with trainings, developers will learn whatever they can and leave, taking their knowledge with them. Contrary to this view, I found that training offers long-term benefits to developers, increasing their loyalty to company and by having trainings, companies also attract outside developers looking for better place to work. Trainings offer developers new knowledge and skills, help them achieve higher wages, better promotion, and sense of career satisfaction. These benefits produce a greater sense accomplishment and lead to longer employee retention. One of the misconceptions about training is that it is the person, not the company benefits from the training. However, I found that it is the company that benefit more from investment in training. According to my research at Carnegie Mellon, additional training can increase productivity about five times and quality three times. Taking these data into consideration, the cost of training is far less than the benefits it brings to the company. In contrast, developers who do not have update trainings make more mistakes, have higher defects rate, and lower productivity. As they realize they are falling behind current technology, they will be looking for jobs elsewhere. In this competitive world, knowledge and skills are key factors for success. By enhancing the skills of developers, company also increases its strength, its capability, and its potential to grow and increase its revenues.<\/p>\n

Software developers must understand that learning is a lifelong activity. If they can take advantage of additional company trainings, continue to learn new things and improve their skills, they will have better chance of advancing their careers. Highly skilled people have better chance of getting promoted, achieve higher wages, and less worry about their future.\u00a0 Software developer must also understand that their technical knowledge can make them valuable to the company for a while but eventually they must develop new \u201ccross-functional skills\u201d or a combination of both technical and business skills. They need to develop soft-skills to meet with customers, understand company business strategy and finance to keep themselves valuable. The question is: What are those \u201cCross functional skills\u201d?<\/p>\n

Recently, as the result of the financial crisis, many companies have put risk management as the key management skill to have. Most schools do not teach risk management or only mention about it vaguely but software developers who want to seek management positions must learn this skill. Basically, all future managers must understand risks and how to mitigate them as it is becoming a requirement for all jobs.\u00a0If senior manager know that you have risk management abilities, they will consider you more likely as management candidates than others.<\/p>\n

In every business, relationship management is another important skill to have. The issue is many technical people do not like to work with customers and often avoid any contact. Many prefer to stay in front of their computer to work on technical problems. That is why having good relationship skills will open more opportunity for developers who want to advance their careers. That is why additional trainings will help them to learn more about these business skills. A software developer who can work well with customers will be able to build tremendous credibility with senior managers. Of course, it is a necessary step to achieving better promotions, better wages.<\/p>\n

Most software developers learn how to solve technical problems but few know how to apply this skill into business. Business analytics is a hot skill in many companies today. By translate that data into something that will allow managers to make decision is a very valuable skill to learn. Every companies need software developers who can extract project data, process data, analyze them and create information that are useful for management to make decision. Additional training in measurements and metrics, data analysis and business analytics not only establishes you on the top of technical career but it can help you to interface with senior managers, making you more important to the company, and is the most effective way to help you advancing your career.<\/p>\n

Managing a project is a good starting point to go into management. But it is also an easily replaceable since many developers also learn this skill as they gain more experiences. The next step is to use your project management skill to lead to a more strategic role in a company. Being a project manager is good but from there you must get involved into business management. Of course this requires more trainings, more learning, especially in bringing in new customers and more revenues to the company. By having these skills, you can get promoted to the director level rather than just stay in project level. Being a senior level management provides you opportunity to become a key contributing to the company with better wages, better benefits.<\/p>\n

As you move up, you must recognize that your skills also change. In these positions, the ‘doing’ skills are replaced by the ‘leading’ skills. You can be a good developer, a good project manager but as you get to a senior management level, it goes beyond \u201cmanagement skills\u201d but to \u201cleadership skills\u201d. At this level, you must learn to look at the broader view, you must understand how to set the direction, the vision, and be able to motivate others. The first step to build leadership skills is to learn more about what happen in the industry, what are the trends in the market, who are your competitors. By having a larger view, you can set strategy, vision and establish your company position in the market place. \u00a0However, there is a \u201cceiling\u201d that you need to consider. In every company, there are many who can only stay at certain level, cannot go beyond, because they do NOT have the skills or the capability to do anything more. That is their \u201cceilings\u201d and they should never get promoted beyond their capacities, else the company will suffer. If you look at all the business cases, most companies that failed or bankrupt because they had the wrong people into the higher position. These people cannot make bold decision, cannot set direction, cannot set the vision. Even at the top, most are afraid because of making mistake so they stop making decision as they are at the positions that are much higher than their abilities.<\/p>\n

In successful companies, the leader may NOT be the most technical person but always be the person with vision, who can set direction and make decision for the company. These leadership skills are learned via proper trainings and experiences. By closer examination, you will find that most of them have very strong communication skills. The keys to this skill are listening and effectively explaining. These skills \u00a0often start with position requires working with customers and understanding their requirements. Many of the leaders were requirements engineers, business analysts, or project managers. If you look at the profiles of most successful CEO, almost 90% of them started in these positions and move up to president or CEO of company.<\/p>\n

There are many ways to develop your career, but you can best succeed in a software company by continuing to learn and find ways to add value that makes you too important to the company. But you need to commit to continuous learning, by adding new skills of both technical and business or \u201cCross functional skills\u201d you will go far, much further than others. As long as you are learning, you will never have to worry about finding job because the job will have to find you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, coi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 xong r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 d\u1eebng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. M\u1ed9t … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2360","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2360"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2361,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2360\/revisions\/2361"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2360"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2360"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2360"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}