{"id":2354,"date":"2013-07-06T10:23:03","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T03:23:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2354"},"modified":"2013-07-09T14:39:28","modified_gmt":"2013-07-09T07:39:28","slug":"khoan-ngoai-cho-viet-nam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2354","title":{"rendered":"Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i cho Vi\u1ec7t Nam"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford – Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hay t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c; t\u0103ng thu\u1ebf Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00ean c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i; nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t, do c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ed5 l\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D\u00e2ng l\u00ean c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 23 t\u1edbi 65) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1ea3y t\u1eeb 23 tri\u1ec7u trong v\u00f2ng 20 n\u0103m t\u1edbi, l\u00ean 65 tri\u1ec7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00fap l\u00e0m cho n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n thay th\u1ebf cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c – n\u1ebfu H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m tham nh\u0169ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i, \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u00e0 trung h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ea5p ba \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t k\u0129 n\u0103ng<\/b><\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng binh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 40% l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. \u0110a s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i hai m\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, g\u1ea7n 80% kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. S\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 g\u1eedi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/b><\/p>\n

X\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 40% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf trong tu\u1ed5i t\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u00e0 thanh ni\u00ean (d\u01b0\u1edbi 23 tu\u1ed5i). V\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i gay g\u1eaft:<\/p>\n

–Th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean l\u1edbp kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/b>\u00a0 M\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Anh Young Lives, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n tr\u1ebb th\u01a1, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u0103m h\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u1ec9 33 tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 20% tr\u1ebb em nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u0103m t\u1edbi s\u00e1u gi\u1edd tr\u00ean l\u1edbp m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u v\u00f9ng xa, n\u01a1i tr\u1ebb em ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00fang trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

–Chi ph\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ed1n.<\/b>\u00a0N\u0103m 1991 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 coi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i chi ph\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1992 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng chi ph\u00ed t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 sang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp sau: tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf, tr\u01b0\u1eddng trung h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u1ec7p. Vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p trung b\u00ecnh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh chi ph\u00ed gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111ang che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00edt ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. L\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng s\u00e2u v\u00e0 xa.<\/p>\n

–L\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u1ea5p.<\/b>\u00a0L\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u00eam \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam cho \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f2m c\u00f5i. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y lan r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh qu\u1ed1c gia 242, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua n\u0103m 1993, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o qui ch\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n “l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc th\u00eam”. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c l\u1edbp nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hai b\u00e0i trong b\u1ed1n gi\u1edd m\u1ed7i tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mong \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed l\u1edbn cho \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i CNTT c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3ng l\u00ean khi kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n CNTT c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c quay v\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o CNTT hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p ba t\u1ee5t xa \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Nam M\u0129, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Outsourcing to Vietnam<\/p>\n

Oxford University Research – Vietnam is viewed as a viable alternative to China for U.S. companies seeking to establish or increase their lower-cost manufacturing capacity. This is due to the increasing costs of labor in China; rising Chinese taxes on foreign enterprises; difficulties with the business environment in China in recent years.<\/p>\n

However, over the long term, foreign firms seeking to expand their operations in Vietnam may discover that the Vietnamese workforce lacks crucial skills, due to problems with its archaic education system.<\/p>\n

Working-Age Population Surge<\/b><\/p>\n

The workforce in Vietnam (defined as adults aged 23 to 65) is expected to jump by 23 million over the next 20 years, to 65 million. This should help make the country a viable alternative to China –if Hanoi can reduce the corruption and incompetence that plague its primary and secondary schools. Tertiary education in Vietnam also has problems, particularly in the quality of its science and engineering instruction.<\/p>\n

Skills Shortage<\/b><\/p>\n

A recent employer survey by Vietnam’s Ministry of Labor, Invalids and Social Affairs found that just less than 40% of the workforce had training of any sort. The majority of respondents experienced difficulty in finding workers with skills to match their needs. Among workers in their early twenties, nearly 80% had no formal job training at all. It will be very difficult to send any meaningful works there to an unskilled workforce like this.<\/p>\n

Education System Shortcomings<\/b><\/p>\n

Approximately 40% of Vietnam’s population is of school age or younger (under 23). Yet the school system’s problems are acute:<\/p>\n

–Inadequate class time.<\/b>\u00a0An recent analysis by U.K. research group Young Lives, An International Study of Childhood Poverty, highlighted the fact that the Vietnamese school year is just 33 weeks and only 20% of children receive the international norm of at least five to six hours of class time per day. These figures are both significantly worse in rural areas, where children must help their families with agricultural work.<\/p>\n

–Out-of-pocket cost.<\/b>\u00a0In 1991 Vietnam made primary school education compulsory and free. However, its cost recovery policy initiated in 1992 shifted the cost burden from the government to the consumer for subsequent education: junior secondary school, senior secondary school and technical\/vocational training school. The emergence of a middle class in Vietnam with sufficient means to fund rising education costs is hiding structural deficiencies in the system. Children of families with lesser means are sometimes forced to forgo secondary education entirely. Again, the problem is particularly severe in rural areas.<\/p>\n

–Low teacher pay.<\/b>\u00a0Low teacher pay has led to situations where educators have pressured students to participate in additional study activities in order to augment their meager official salaries. The practice was so pervasive that National Decree 242, approved in 1993, included regulations limiting “extra classes.” Only authorized teachers are now allowed to provide such classes, and primary school students may undertake no more than two extra lessons totaling four hours per week.<\/p>\n

Outlook<\/strong>
\n<\/b>The education system’s shortcomings have created significant challenges for foreign investors seeking to recruit and retain prospective Vietnamese employees. Not only should they expect to incur significant costs for training and development programs, they will also likely need to adopt creative methods to retain these employees once they are skilled and competent.<\/p>\n

Also, as witnessed in India during that country’s services IT outsourcing boom, local labor markets will heat up as the economy grows. This will increase demand for the relatively limited pool of skilled IT workers, and boost employee turnover as employers engage in a bidding war for staff.<\/p>\n

Current IT training in tertiary schools is far behind other developing countries in Africa and S. America, without significant change in direction, it will not improve for many years to come.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Oxford – Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay cho Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2354","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2354","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2354"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2354\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3320,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2354\/revisions\/3320"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2354"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2354"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2354"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}