{"id":2290,"date":"2013-07-06T08:37:30","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T01:37:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2290"},"modified":"2013-07-06T08:37:30","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T01:37:30","slug":"tranh-that-bai-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2290","title":{"rendered":"Tr\u00e1nh th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tr\u1ec5 hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? N\u1ebfu k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng? T\u1ea1i sao n\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong m\u00f4n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u0110\u00e1p: L\u00ed do then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 v\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n sai. L\u00ed do kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng gi\u1eef thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp k\u00e9m c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng coi t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam. L\u00ed do kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed1n \u201cho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\u201d b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u00e3 ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t v\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ecb tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SRS) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho n\u00ean thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u KH\u00d4NG thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ednh to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd vi\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. L\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u00f3 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1edbi ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (chi ph\u00ed), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean), v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u (th\u1eddi gian). Do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng may, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u KH\u00d4NG \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng KH\u00d4NG cho ph\u00e9p thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong chi ph\u00ed, th\u1eddi gian hay t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 r\u1ee7i ro cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1edfi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0110\u01b0a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng tham gia s\u1edbm v\u00e0o trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<li>Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1ed5 cho Ban ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t thay \u0111\u1ed5i (CCB) \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang.<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u01b0a m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c h\u00e0ng tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi pha c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong pha l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch).<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. D\u1eebng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u00eam hay tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang cho t\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra ti\u1ebfp.<\/li>\n<li>D\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Agile (n\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf) nh\u01b0 SCRUM. Danh m\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (ph\u1ea1m vi) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p th\u00eam th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;-English version&#8212;-<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Avoiding software project failure<\/p>\n<p>A student asked: Why so many software project are always late or failed? If requirements engineering is important then why it is NOT taught in school? Why it is NOT even taught in project management course?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Answer: The key reasons that most software projects are late because of changes in software requirements and wrong project estimates. The reason customers keep changing requirements because of poorly gathering of requirements before the starting of the project. Many software project managers also do not consider customer\u2019s requirements validation is part of their job and accept the requirements without further analysis. Another reason which can cause project\u2019s schedule problems is developers want to \u201cperfect\u201d whatever they do. Many add additional codes that are not part of original requirements in order to make it \u201cbetter\u201d without consider the impact on the project. Many write code and re-write their code several times until they feel comfortable with it. These consume a lot of time and efforts and make the project late.<\/p>\n<p>Requirements Engineering is mostly taught in schools that have the Software Engineering program. Because Project management training often starts with a documented software requirements specification (SRS) so obtaining requirements is NOT in their scope. Traditional Computer Science training assumes that customer will write the requirements so software developers would begin their works with a software requirements already in place. At the beginning of a project, there is a list of requirements with corresponding budget (Cost), people (Resource), and schedule (Time). Therefore any change in requirements without change in cost, resources, and time will affect the project. Unfortunately, if requirements is NOT well defined, customers will have to add or change requirements after the project starts but they often do NOT allow changes in cost, time or resources. Many software project managers do not know how to negotiate changes in requirements and accept it without thinking about risks to the project.<\/p>\n<p>A good software project manager can avoid requirements change by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Involve the customers and users early in the project.<\/li>\n<li>Thoroughly analyze requirements during the beginning of the project to make sure they are complete, well documented and meet customer\u2019s needs.<\/li>\n<li>Establish a Change Control Board (CCB) team to evaluate the risk of implementing changes before accepting them.<\/li>\n<li>Involve all customers throughout the project phases (especially during the planning phase).<\/li>\n<li>Incrementally release the software. Stop additional requirements or postpone implementing them until the next release.<\/li>\n<li>Use Agile approach (If the project is small) such as SCRUM. The product catalogue (scope) is dynamic and will changes throughout the software development life cycle as long as the customer feels that those changes are important and accepts the responsibility for them by allowing more time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u1ebf bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tr\u1ec5 hay th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i? N\u1ebfu k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2290","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2290","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2290"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2290\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2291,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2290\/revisions\/2291"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2290"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2290"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2290"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}