{"id":2286,"date":"2013-07-06T08:34:53","date_gmt":"2013-07-06T01:34:53","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2286"},"modified":"2013-07-06T08:34:53","modified_gmt":"2013-07-06T01:34:53","slug":"van-de-con-nguoi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2286","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e1y”. Trong khi ch\u1ec9 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf qua nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i. C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t v\u00ec qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng \u00edt khi v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt (thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v.v.) ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i \u201ct\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u00fang. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eef v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u1edbn, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u1edf to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u1edf g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m hay trao \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00e9m. Trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed5. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1ed5. Vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ra “C\u00e1i g\u00ec”, “T\u1ea1i sao”, v\u00e0 “Ai” c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Ai s\u1ebd mua hay d\u00f9ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y? Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m g\u00ec cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng? T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y? Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec? \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c l\u00ed do doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong pha ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eed b\u1ecf hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t khi t\u1ed5 hi\u1ec3u vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ecdi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng nghe \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea5u l\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.\u00a0Trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng danh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. N\u1ebfu t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 “th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i” t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, th\u1eddi gian cho c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm cam k\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 v\u00ec n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng danh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 “ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n” c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp n\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y hay kh\u00f4ng. Qui t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: \u201cL\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, chi ph\u00ed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi t\u1ed5, l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng quay l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn. Qui t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0: \u201cL\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u201d L\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac m\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong to\u00e0n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1i v\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 thu l\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t, l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n danh h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u email t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i cho email n\u00e0y: \u201cXin b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eebng l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i. Xin nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d \u00a0Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u0169 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1eadn l\u00f2ng t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u. Sau v\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed, t\u00f4i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00f4ng ti c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 kinh doanh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00ed t\u01b0\u1edfng, h\u1ecd n\u00ean gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd t\u1edbi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c kinh doanh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u00fat n\u00e0o. L\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd n\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao b\u1ea3o t\u00f4i: \u201cV\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00eam. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea th\u00eam.\u201d V\u00e0i th\u00e1ng sau, t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n thu\u00ea nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed9p \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n khi h\u1ecd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t m\u1ecdi v\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 sau gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u201cH\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ecd gi\u1eef vi\u1ec7c thu\u00ea ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u00eam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mu\u1ed9n l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7.” Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho n\u00ean th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Khi t\u1ed5 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho h\u1ecd th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho t\u1ed5. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 “v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9” x\u1ea3y ra. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 l\u1eabn nhau, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 b\u1ecb tan r\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ecm xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 gi\u1eadn nhau, kh\u00f4ng ai s\u1eb5n l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1i g\u00ec v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

People issues<\/p>\n

A good software project manager must know how to create a balance between technical issues and people issues. Focusing only on technical issues can make people feel like they follow orders from a \u201cRobot\u201d. Whereas focusing only on people issues can make people ignore technical tasks and may work like they are in a party. This balance very difficult to do well because managing people is often one of the most difficult things in any software project. Unfortunately, most software project management training is focusing on technical issues but seldom on people issues.<\/p>\n

While software developers are trained to do technical works (Design, code, test etc.) most never receive any training on how to work in a team. People often say \u201cmore than one people is a team\u201d, the fact is the skills and the makeup of the team are very important and must be managed properly. Creating a team is one thing but keeping and maintaining an effective team is a different matter. In large software company, there are many functions and people from different functions often do not locate in the same place. For example, developers will work in one building, test team in another and quality team and supporting team may be located in another place. I have found that the more separation there is, the more problems happen between the teams. It is important, where possible to have the entire project team locate as close as possible. I always place test team and development team together to avoid any misunderstood or miscommunication issues. Good communication is the key factors in building team relationship. Team members must communicate often with regards their tasks and allow them to make informed decisions.<\/p>\n

The project team must share the same vision, otherwise the team will head in different directions. It is important at the beginning of the project, software project manager must call for a meeting with all team members to share his project vision, goals and objectives with the team. The vision is a concise statement that defines the \u201cWhat\u201d, \u201cWhy\u201d, and \u201cWho\u201d of the end of the software product from a business point of view. For example: Who will buy or use this software product? What will the software do for its users? Why do we need to build this software? What problems that this software will solve? It is important for all team members to understand of the business reasons of the project. It will save time and effort during requirements analysis phase by eliminating misunderstanding about the software product. Once the team understand the vision, project manager must discuss the project goals and objectives. For example: Deliver quality product on time, within costs, and meet all functional requirements. Time, cost, and quality are goals of every software project but project manager must elaborate more detail as objectives and seek approval from team members. Traditional management trainings consider managers as someone to issue goals and objectives that team members must follow. This concept will not work in software project because what happens if these goals are unreasonable? What happens if team members do not feel comfortable with the schedule? What happens if they do not believe that they could meet these goals? That is why project manager must discuss these goals with the team and asking them for their opinions. The discussion about goals and objectives is critical because the team must agree to what they have to do. They should have a chance to voice their opinions. If the team feels that the project manager does not listen to their opinions, it could severely damaging the team spirit and has bad affect on the project.\u00a0 During the first few days of the project, the team is forming and the credential of the project manager is being established. If the team does not respect the manager, it will be very difficult to change. In other word, the project is already \u201cFailed\u201d from the beginning.<\/p>\n

Software project manager must discuss in detail about the project plan. For example: The functions to be implemented, the tasks assign to each members, the time for these tasks and seeks commitment from team members. This require a lot of works prior to the first meeting with the team as it establishes the credentials of the manager. Most team member will form some opinions about their \u201cproject manager\u201d at this meeting. Their judgments will determine whether they want to work for this person or not. My rule is: \u201cschedule, functions, cost are all negotiable\u201d. A good project manager must discuss the plan with the team, listen to their concerns and opinions and if needed, willing to change accordingly. He must be willing to go back to the customer or senior managers to discuss these changes and seeks an agreement. Another rule of mine is: \u201cProject planning is a team efforts, not individual\u201d. Planning is not a one-time activity but continue throughout the project with team members provide inputs. Project manager must listen careful, discuss and get agreement from all team members, to finalize the project plan.<\/p>\n

During the project execution, software project manager must constantly monitor the progress to make sure that project team is working accordingly. Human nature is to seek fairness and it is important to be fair with everybody. It is unfair when managers favor one person over the others in promotion, salary, and other rewards. This could hurt the team\u2019s spirit and create problem to the project. Few years ago, I was invited to a software company where many of my students also worked there. I told them that I had a chance to meet with their management and asked if they want me to say something on their behalf. I received several unexpected emails similar to this email: \u201cPlease tell them to learn to be leaders rather than dictators. Please remind them that people are not something they can discard. When managers do not treat people fairly, how can anyone expect them to give their best to the company\u201d. \u00a0These complains from developers who were also my former students bothered me a lot. After several meetings with the management, I concluded that senior management really did not know what happened in their company. They may know something about their business but almost nothing about people. Many managers who had no software experience were managing software projects. They cannot manage something that they do not understand. Ideally, they should be better than the people that they managed but most of them come to their positions from the business areas and do not understand software development at all. As a guest, I could not say much but recommended that they initiate more software management trainings. Unfortunately, a senior manager told me: \u201cBasically, all problems are technical. If you know what you want to do and have enough technical people there is no reason in more management trainings. Obviously, we do not have enough technical people and we must hire more\u201d. Few months later, I saw advertise that the company wanted to hire more software developers. By the end of the year, that company filed bankruptcy when they exhausted all their capitals.<\/p>\n

One former student later explained: \u201cThey never recognized their problems. They kept hiring more and more developers and adding more people in late projects made it worst. Many managers hided their incompetents by complaining that they did not have enough technical people. No one know how to manage people so more people, more problems. When the team felt as though management did not support them then it severely damaged the team. This was where the \u201cBlaming issue\u201d happens. When people started blaming each others, the teamwork disintegrated and sinked low. When team members were angry at each others, nobody was willing to do anything and stopped working together. This was why so many projects failed. They did not fail of technical issue but people issue\u201d.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2286","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2286","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2286"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2286\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2287,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2286\/revisions\/2287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2286"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2286"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2286"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}