{"id":2260,"date":"2013-07-05T12:53:36","date_gmt":"2013-07-05T05:53:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2260"},"modified":"2013-07-05T12:53:36","modified_gmt":"2013-07-05T05:53:36","slug":"cong-viec-vat-li-va-cong-viec-tri-thuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2260","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u1ede nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed sang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c. Xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tri th\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Ng\u00e0y nay, 60% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tri th\u1ee9c. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e3ng 80% GDP c\u1ee7a M\u0129 v\u00e0 qu\u00e3ng 60% GDP c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m G8.\u00a0Ng\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7; khu v\u1ef1c k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7; khu v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb; khu v\u1ef1c kinh doanh v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh; v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v.v. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0i n\u0103m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc hay cao h\u01a1n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed sang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y \u1edf M\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang Mexico. L\u00ed do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng l\u00ed do th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m; \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u0129; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti. C\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y khi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u00e2y sang \u0111\u00f4ng \u00c2u. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 \u2013 2000, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 n\u01a1i m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111ang thay th\u1ebf cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Khi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i, nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng c\u01a1 b\u1eafp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd b\u00e2y gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o. Thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5, h\u1ecd thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e1y m\u00f3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u0169 c\u1ee7a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho t\u1edbi khi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra? H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng khi h\u1ecd m\u1edf c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e1y t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho nh\u1eefng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y? H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Mexico. N\u0103m 1970, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 v\u00e0 Mexico k\u00ed m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Maquiladora\u201d. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1edf Mexico, d\u1ecdc theo bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y n\u01a1i v\u1eadt t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp r\u00e1p. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 M\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thu\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u n\u00e0o. Trong v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 thu\u00ea c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n Mexico l\u00e0m h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. M\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u01a1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u00edt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Mexico \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed cho n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd. Trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i n\u0103m, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n sang Mexico v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mexico c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Mexico t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. (Trung b\u00ecnh $12\/gi\u1edd \u1edf M\u0129 so v\u1edbi \u00a0$1.8\/gi\u1edd \u1edf Mexico.) Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u0103m 1990 khi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ecdc theo b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng trung b\u00ecnh $.0.57\/gi\u1edd th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti M\u0129 \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf Mexico v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra cho v\u00f9ng Maquiladora? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p.\u00a0C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Maquiladora m\u1ea5t tr\u00ean 1.5 tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m. Rolando Gonzalez, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c gia Maquiladora cay \u0111\u1eafng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong 35 n\u0103m qua. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.\u201d V\u1edbi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 38% t\u1ed5ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed. Ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Mexico v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u00cdt ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u xu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed sang c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri th\u1ee9c hay h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, khi t\u00f4i \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ca ng\u1ee3i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e2y \u00c2u chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. H\u1ecd sung s\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed. T\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Maquiladora c\u1ee7a Mexico? Trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc khi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t?\u201d \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean khi t\u00f4i th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 sau r\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 b\u1ecf h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t cao v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd khi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 h\u1ecd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 laptop v\u00e0 iPhone m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3? L\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n khi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 h\u00f4m nay m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

N\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, khi t\u00f4i \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a M\u0129 \u1edf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i v\u00e0 Th\u1ea9m Quy\u1ebfn. Theo b\u00e1o ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chi ph\u00ed t\u0103ng l\u00ean, GE, NCR, Caterpillar, v\u00e0 Ford \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 M\u0129 b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn n\u1eefa. Khi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 M\u0129 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c robot v\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1edf New Jersey, Alabama, v\u00e0 Nam Carolina l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, r\u1ebb h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhanh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t robot h\u00e0n trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o xe h\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la hay qu\u00e3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, robot l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c 24 gi\u1edd m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao h\u01a1n cho n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0 v\u1ed1n cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tri th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n. V\u1edbi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u00e1 cao cho m\u1ecdi qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5t hay l\u1eafp r\u00e1p t\u1ea5m th\u00e9p v\u00e0o \u00f4 t\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tri th\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh \u0111ang kinh nghi\u1ec7m thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t l\u1edbn c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong khu v\u1ef1c y t\u1ebf, khu v\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c, khu v\u1ef1c k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin v.v. Ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadt l\u00ed sang tri th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian l\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hi v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Physical work and knowledge work<\/p>\n

In many developed countries, there is a shift away from physical work to knowledge work. The trend is more obvious if we look at the development of the knowledge industry in quantitative terms. Today, 60% of the population in developed countries is working in the knowledge industry. This industry\u00a0represents about 80% of the U.S GDP and about 60% of the G8 group\u2019s GDPs.\u00a0This industry includes the technology area; the engineering area; the medical and healthcare area; the business and finance area; and the services management area etc. All of them require several years of college education or higher.<\/p>\n

The shift from physical to knowledge work begun in the 1970s where many factories in the U.S. were moved to Mexico. The main reason was to take advantages of the lower labor costs but the real reasons were to avoid the pollution issue; to focus on the transition and modernization of U.S. industry; and to increase profits for companies. The same things are happening in Europe in recent years when many factories are moving from western to eastern Europe. Between 1980s \u2013 2000s, factories in developed countries are being modernized and automated where machines are replacing labor workers. As the demand for labor workers decreases, the need for knowledge workers are increasing. People who used to work on assembly lines were being retrained to control and operate automated machines. Instead of use their muscles, they are now using their brains. Instead of using tools, they are collecting machine data to determine the efficiency of the operation so they can improve productivity. Of course, during this transition period, companies still have to rely on the old ways of building products. That is why many factories are relocated to developing countries until their modernization of factories and training of workers are completed. What will happen then? They will close old and obsolete factories that are relying on labor workers as they open their modern automated factories that use computer control with knowledge workers who operate them. What will happen to these labor workers? They will leave it to local governments to deal with their large unemployment of labor workers.<\/p>\n

This situation already happened in Mexico. In 1970, the U.S and Mexico government signed an agreement known as \u201cMaquiladora policy\u201d. This policy allow U.S companies to set up manufacturing plants in Mexico, along the border between the two countries where materials and parts are shipped there for assembling. The finished product is returned to the U.S. for sale without any import\/export taxes. In this special zone, U.S. companies hired Mexican workers to do most of the labor works. The U.S benefits from lower labor wages and less restricted laws on pollutions. Mexico benefits by having works relocated to their country. Within few years, thousands U.S. companies moved to Mexico and several million Mexican had jobs. Mexico enjoyed the economic prosperity and U.S companies received significant profits due to the labor cost differences. (Average $12\/hour in U.S vs. $1.8\/hour in Mexico). However, in 1990 when China offered a better deal by building similar manufacturing plants in special zones along their coastal with labor workers working for an average $.0.57\/hours then many U.S. companies closed factories in Mexico and moved to China for better profits. What happened in the Maquiladora zone? It has thousands empty factories plants with polluted land that is no longer suitable for agriculture and millions unemployed people.\u00a0The Maquiladora industry lost over 1.5 million jobs in just a few years. Rolando Gonzalez, president of the National Maquiladora Industry Council bitterly complained: \u201cThis is the most serious crisis that our nation has seen in the last 35 years. We lost our jobs, lost our land, and lost our prides\u201d. With unemployment reached 38% of the total labor force, the economy collapsed, and the government lost the election. Even now Mexico has not recovered from this crisis.<\/p>\n

Today we are witnessing the same thing all over the world when developed countries move manufacturing plants to developing countries. Few people understand the trend of shifting from physical work to knowledge work or learn anything about what happened to countries where manufacturing plants moved out. Not long ago, when I was in Eastern Europe, I saw their newspapers praised the development of special economic zones where western European moved their manufacturing assembly plants there. People were so happy about the number of jobs that it created, many required no trainings, only physical works. I wondered how many of them know what has happened in Mexico\u2019s Maquiladora? During my lectures at one university about the need for education improvement, a student commented \u201cWhy do we need to invest in college education when we can easily get jobs in the special zones?\u201d This was probably the same thinking of many students as I found out later that the dropout rate among college students was quite high as many were lured to work in these special zones. How could we blame them when their friends all have the latest laptops and iPhone by working in those special zones? How could we convince them to go to university for a better future when there are so many jobs available today that do not require any training?<\/p>\n

Last year, when I was in China I saw the closing of some U.S. manufactures in Shanghai and Shenzheng. According to the local newspapers, facing with rising costs, GE, NCR, Caterpillar, and Ford were moving some its manufactures back to the U.S. because Chinese wages and shipping costs have risen so quickly so they were no longer profitable. When returned to the U.S. I read that some of these companies\u2019 modernization and automation programs have completed with robots and numerical machines take over labor works. It is much better, cheaper, and faster to do it in New Jersey, Alabama, and South Carolina than anywhere else. A manager told me that a welding robot in car manufacturing may cost over a million dollars or about ten labor workers\u2019 yearly wages. However, the robot works 24 hours a day and has better quality and higher productivity so it just few months, the company already break even the initial investment and the rest is profits.<\/p>\n

In the knowledge industry, technology plays a vital role. With the highly automation of all manufacturing processes and the use of information technology to collect and process specific data, advanced education is needed. Clearly, workers cannot be trained for this kind of work in the same way as they are trained to plough the land or assemble a sheet of steel into cars. These new jobs require new knowledge such as problem solving, process analysis and decision making. It requires a different mindsets and different trainings that only few countries have. That is the reason why the fast growing knowledge industry is experiencing a significant shortage of skilled workers in the medical area, pharmaceutical area, engineering area and information technology area etc. Unless these skills are widely taught and produce more knowledge workers, the shift from physical to knowledge work will take much longer than many people have hope for.<\/p>\n

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