{"id":2196,"date":"2013-07-05T11:39:14","date_gmt":"2013-07-05T04:39:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2196"},"modified":"2013-07-05T11:39:14","modified_gmt":"2013-07-05T04:39:14","slug":"cuoc-choi-toan-cau-hoa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2196","title":{"rendered":"Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

Trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n “t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean” t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y chi ph\u1ed1i \u0111i x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ho\u00e1\u201d. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 “t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean”, nh\u01b0ng theo chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng. N\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y \u0111ang d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o, doanh nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i”. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y sang Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng CNTT k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n sang \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf g\u1ecdi d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1” v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qui t\u1eafc: \u201cT\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, theo s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t, trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh cao, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d Qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tin to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0y khi h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u nang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m qua, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0i tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4 la th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi k\u00edch c\u1ee1 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 “c\u00f4ng ti qu\u1ed1c gia” n\u1eefa m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ti \u201cxuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia”. Danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111a t\u1ec9 ph\u00fa tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i trong n\u0103m 2000 th\u00e0nh v\u00e0i tr\u0103m trong n\u0103m n\u0103m 2010.<\/p>\n

\u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc.\u00a0Trong ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef t\u1eeb hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18, c\u1ea3 hai n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, v\u00e0 China) s\u1ebd s\u1edbm v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m G-7 (Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ee9c, Italy, Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Anh, M\u0129 v\u00e0 Canada).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti m\u1edbi n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh th\u00eam th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Brazil c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ti n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai trong khai th\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i; Nga c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ti khai kho\u00e1ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t; \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti CNTT l\u1edbn, c\u00f4ng ti d\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9ng \u00f4 t\u00f4; v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e9p, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o. Trong s\u1ed1 100 c\u00f4ng ti l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 84 c\u00f4ng ti \u1edf Brazil, Nga, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

\u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1: c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra k\u1ebb th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua. K\u1ebb th\u1eafng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 k\u1ebb thua l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Nam M\u0129 (tr\u1eeb Brazil) v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y hay b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e0o t\u1eeb \u00a0c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o \u201cCu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i\u201d. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ebf. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn th\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh hay n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a World Bank, trong kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, tr\u00ean 135 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh “l\u1edbp trung l\u01b0u” khi thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. Trong 10 n\u0103m t\u1edbi, con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 440 tri\u1ec7u, v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ef1c \u0111oan kh\u00e1c. Khi c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung l\u01b0u, th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “c\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o”. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc “\u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3” tham gia v\u00e0o “cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1”. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i sau v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecf qua. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t mong manh h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 kinh t\u1ebf, b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1eeb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1c ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi, Nam M\u0129, v\u00e0 v\u00e0i n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m k\u00e9m v\u00e0 ch\u00ecm t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng hi v\u1ecdng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i? N\u1ebfu chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u00ec ch\u00e2u Phi hay Nam M\u0129 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a World Bank c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong hai t\u1eeb: \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i tham d\u1ef1” v\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi”.<\/p>\n

Khi kinh doanh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh then ch\u1ed1t cho hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng. Ng\u00e0y nay khi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb pha ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o sang pha tri th\u1ee9c, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Nam M\u0129 v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong pha n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. T\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 ng\u00e2n qu\u0129 cho ch\u00e2u Phi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f3t ph\u1ec5u v\u00e0o t\u00fai c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c tham nh\u0169ng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u Phi quay sang \u0111\u00e1nh nhau trong nh\u00f3m n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc Nam M\u0129 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u1ea5t ma tu\u00fd.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c hay thi\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1eaft r\u1ec5 t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 19 hay th\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba (\u1edf ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Nam M\u0129) th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra tri th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u01a1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o “c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan li\u00eau” \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n “c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n th\u01b0 k\u00ed” nh\u01b0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Ki\u1ec3u gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u01a1i k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o. Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi “Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1”, nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang pha ti\u1ebfp n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhanh, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng tri th\u1ee9c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 “m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng sinh” n\u01a1i t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, M\u0129 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i l\u00ean nhanh ch\u00f3ng do \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ed1 l\u1edbn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p ri\u00eang cho v\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n. Tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 xem ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec sao? C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eadp k\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra cho h\u1ecd?<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 hai ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a: H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o trong pha c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp qu\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o pha tri th\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ebf th\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. H\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111i theo sau trong h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng. Hay h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gay go v\u1ec1 thu nh\u1eadn nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, thu nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean thanh ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “b\u1ecf qua” pha c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o pha tri th\u1ee9c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o d\u1ea1n v\u00ec n\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, nhi\u1ec1u k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i “Cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1”. Nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a World Bank k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn trong hai t\u1eeb \u201cGi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Globalization game<\/p>\n

In the past two centuries, there was a shift of \u201cwealth\u201d from eastern countries to western countries. It happened when\u00a0 dominant western countries invaded and exploited weaker eastern countries, it was called \u201cColonization\u201d. Now there is another shift of \u201cwealth\u201d, but on the opposite direction, from western countries to eastern countries. It happens when western countries are shifting manufactures, businesses, works, jobs to Asian countries, it is called \u201cOutsourcing\u201d. Low costs labor workers have encouraged the shifting of manufacturing works from western countries to China. High skilled IT workers have encouraged the shifting of information technology works from western countries to India.<\/p>\n

Some economists call this shift \u201cThe Globalization Game\u201d and it has one rule: \u201cCreate more profits by develop products, in the largest amount but at the lowest price, in the fast changing and highly competitive market, by applying technology knowledge and human capital\u201d. This rule has forced every industries to change the ways they operate to maximize their profits in this global economy. Few years ago, many people doubted this rule, as they did not believe globalization could ever happen. Today, many can see the validation of this rule when they look at the performance of these\u00a0 global companies. In past few years, their profits have risen from hundred million to several billion dollars. These companies have grown to unprecedented size and no longer \u201cnational companies\u201d but become \u201cTransnational\u201d companies. The list of multi-billionaires in the world has changed from fifty in the year 2000 to several hundred in 2010.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Globalization game\u201d has also changed the economic equation of some countries.\u00a0In less than twenty years, both China and India are being restored to the positions that they held two centuries ago. For the first time since the 18th century, they both become the largest contributors to worldwide economic growth. Many people believe that the economic growth of the BRIC group (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) will soon bypass the economic power of the G-7 group (France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US and Canada).<\/p>\n

As their economic powers grow, new companies emerge and strengthen their positions in the global market. Few years ago nobody know their names but today, they are giants in the industry. For example Brazil has the largest agriculture company in the world and second in offshore energy exploration; Russia has more energy companies and largest mining company; India has many large IT, pharmaceuticals, and auto parts companies; and China has more companies in heavy industry such as steel, appliances, machinery, and telecommunications equipments than any countries. Of the top 100 largest companies in the world, 84 were in Brazil, Russia, China and India.<\/p>\n

The \u201cGlobalization game\u201d also created winners and losers. Winners were some Asian countries and losers were many countries in South America (except Brazil) and most countries in Africa as they did not receive anything in this transfer of wealth nor any investments from developed countries. In other word, they were not invited to participate in the \u201cGame\u201d. The shifting of wealth also impact the lives of so many people. Never before in history so many lives have been changed so dramatically by something not wars or famine.<\/p>\n

According to a World Bank report, in less than twenty years, over 135 million people escaped poverty and moved to the \u201cMiddle class\u201d when their incomes drastically increased. In the next 10 years, the number could grow to 440 million, with most from China and India. However, this change also created another extremes. As the movement of poor people to the middle class, there were another movement of poor people to \u201cextremely poor\u201d. They were people who came from countries that \u201cdid not and could not\u201d participate in the \u201cGlobalization game\u201d. Many were left behind and basically abandoned by the world. These countries are becoming most vulnerable to economic disaster, political instability, with more incurable diseases and not achieve anything from globalization. The report found extremely poverty in Africa, South America, and few countries in South Asia and the situation is getting worst each day.<\/p>\n

What make some countries do well and prosper when others do worst and sink to the point of no hope of recovery? If low costs is the factor then Africa or South America should be able to play because they have labor workers who would work for much less then China or India. The World Bank report conclusion can be described in two words: \u201cEducation and Leadership\u201d as it makes the major difference between \u201cParticipatory players\u201d and \u201cNot invited\u201d.<\/p>\n

As global business grows increasingly all over the world, education has become a key determinant of countries\u2019 economic performance and potential. Adequate college education is essential but the quality of college education will be important to \u00a0determine whether countries successfully develop skilled workers that meet global industry\u2019s needs. Today as the world is changing from manufacturing phase to knowledge phase, many countries in Africa and S. America are still living in the agriculture phase. Their thinking and mindsets have not change, their education systems have not change, and their societies have not change. According to a report from the United Nation, most funding aids to Africa have been used to buy arms in their civil wars. Economic supports to South America countries have been funneled to pockets of corrupted officials. Without adequate education and without hope for the future, many African people turn into rebels fighting in their civil wars. Many S. America people turn into illegal traders of narcotic drugs.<\/p>\n

The report concluded that it is education or the lack of it can be an explanation of why many countries failed in the global economy. It went further by showing that the form of education that rooted in the 19th<\/sup>\u00a0or the colonial time (In Africa and S. America) often generated knowledge suitable for the agriculture society where daily lives is focusing on food production and consumption. Their education is focusing on \u201cbureaucracy works\u201d to develop \u201cclerical workers\u201d as the majority of jobs available are with the governments. That type of education is not sufficient for an industrial society where certain vocational skills are needed for workers in the manufacturing. The education must also change to focus on conformant, standardization, and social management skills\u00a0to effectively support an industrial society. However, with the \u201cGlobalization game\u201d, these skills suitable for industrial society are becoming obsolete. It must move into the next phase where continuous learning, fast production, heavy consumption, based on the creation and use of technical knowledge. In this new global economy, the relationship between government, education and the industry is a \u201csymbiosis relationship\u201d where each depends on the others, where both individuals and societies gain benefits from their investments in education.<\/p>\n

Currently, the US and some European countries have the best education systems. China is beginning to move up rapidly due to their recent significant investments in education. India is facing a bigger challenge because of their large number of poor and uneducated people, victims of the traditional caste system. Most Indian\u2019s top schools are cater strictly to a relatively privileged few. Over half of Indian\u2019s population only have the most basic education. It remains to be seen how Indian government will solve this problem. The current question is what about other countries? The countries that have not transitioned successful into the industrial age, at least not yet. Could they survive the next decade of globalization? What will happen to them?<\/p>\n

Basically, there are two choices: They could gradually move into the industrial phase by continue to improve their education system. If successful, they could take over some manufacturing works left from countries that have transitioned into the knowledge phase. They will have to live with the consequences of industrial wastes, pollutions, diseases, and labor unrests. They will always follow others in the background and never achieved the respected status. Or they could make the tough choice of rapidly acquire the best education possible. Of course, they will have to invest a lot in education, training professors, acquiring technologies, mobilize their young people so they can \u201cskip\u201d the industrial phase and jump into the knowledge phase. It is difficult, it is bold and brave as it requires vision and leadership. It is possible as India already did twenty years ago. In that case, they will gain respect, a lot of respect as they become an equal partner to play the \u201cGlobalization game\u201d. As the World Bank report concluded in two word \u201cEducation and Leadership\u201d and it makes a big difference.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 qua, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n “t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean” t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2196","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2196"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2197,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2196\/revisions\/2197"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2196"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2196"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2196"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}