{"id":2162,"date":"2013-07-05T10:56:23","date_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:56:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2162"},"modified":"2013-07-05T10:56:23","modified_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:56:23","slug":"huong-dan-du-an-capstone-phan-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2162","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone – ph\u1ea7n 3"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n 3 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone:<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (PM) ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Theo d\u00f5i th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Vi\u1ec7c ghi th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p PM so s\u00e1nh th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. PM ph\u1ea3i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft th\u1eddi gian h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 cho t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra t\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ean d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, PM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n trong t\u1eebng pha. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: PM ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ednh to\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian cho gi\u00e1o s\u01b0.)<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eebng pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, PM ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u00e0nh cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. D\u00f9ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1 gi\u1edd h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp. PM ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eebng pha c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fac chuy\u1ec3n vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho n\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang.)<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u1edbi t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ghi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1ch \u0111o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i), tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch c\u1ee1 v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c so v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf), ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qui tr\u00ecnh (kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ee1).\u00a0T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v.v. V\u1edbi t\u1eebng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n (th\u1ea5p, v\u1eeba, cao), v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed r\u1ee7i ro l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: R\u1ee7i ro th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3.)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1edbi, t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SRS) v\u1edbi ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn (Kh\u1eed b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd hay th\u00eam y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o). D\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi SRS m\u1edbi l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. T\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng use case v\u00e0 l\u1eddi d\u1eabn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u00f3t \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, h\u1eadu \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea9y c\u00f2 cho t\u1eebng use case.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh cho t\u1eebng pha, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (c\u1ea7n bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang) v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng l\u00fac, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1i ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i t\u1eadp l\u1eb7p, t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cho PM c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.)<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c) th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 “Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1” hay \u201cThi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft cho \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay theo d\u00f5i.\u00a0 Chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh qu\u00e1 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00edch. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong v\u00f2ng 32 gi\u1edd (Man-week) l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 cho theo d\u00f5i v\u00e0 \u0111o. Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nh\u01b0 SQA, SCM, qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi, qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb m\u00e1y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u1edbi v.v.. Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm, l\u1ee1 l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 ch\u00fang b\u1ecb \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed cho t\u1eebng use case. Nhi\u1ec1u use case c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf cu\u1ed1i pha ph\u00e2n t\u00edch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0o b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t hay c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed5 n\u00ean quay l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m. M\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1: v\u1edbi t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ch\u1ea1y (v\u00e0 cho l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed).<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong SRS, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) nh\u01b0 an ninh, hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh truy nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 d\u00f9ng, t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc, t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v.v.) v\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m). PM ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec n\u00e0o m\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 capstone kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t cho v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 cho \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n cho t\u1ed5.)<\/p>\n

Khi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 phi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu, hay hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u00e1ch “nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m” c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb menu ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y khi \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng use case kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t (kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n \u0111\u0103ng nh\u1eadp\/\u0111\u0103ng xu\u1ea5t) trong chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh b\u1ea5t k\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00e0o hay quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, PM ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. B\u1ea3n m\u1eabu l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 c\u00f3. Sau khi ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u cho n\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf pha s\u1edbm h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi pha mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n.)<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i quay l\u1ea1i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SRS) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi use case v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong pha ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u1ec1 sau. Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1ecdi t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ngay khi thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1edbp chi ti\u1ebft hay bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3-quan h\u1ec7. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ecdi l\u1edbp, quan h\u1ec7, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng k\u00ed ph\u00e1p UML v\u00ec n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. T\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n d\u1eef li\u1ec7u cho m\u1ecdi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m chi ti\u1ebft, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadp nh\u1eb1ng. L\u01b0u t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean cho b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng.)<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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A guide to Capstone project part 3<\/p>\n

This is part 3 of the guide to Capstone project:<\/p>\n

During the Capstone project, Project Manager (PM) must keep track of how team members are spending their time on the project. Time tracking is an important activity to monitor individual responsibility to the project. The time records allow PM to compare actual time spend against planned time of each member. PM must summarize the weekly time spend for each member and for the team to find out how much time the team really works on the project. By doing that, PM can identifies each person’s contributions to the project work during each phase. (Note: PM must report the time accounting to the professor).<\/p>\n

Before each development phase, PM must share these information with team members regarding their actual number of hours that they spent on their tasks. Using these data, team members can estimate the number of hours they will need to complete the next task. PM must assign each member a numbers of task to do as well as an expected completion date. It is important to assign a backup person just in case a person is not able to complete the task accordingly. The beginning of each phase is also time to switch roles and assignment so every members have chances to perform certain roles. (Note: Remember that role comes with responsibility and they must fulfill them).<\/p>\n

The team must also define a set of metrics to measure the team’s progress, productivity and effectiveness. For each metric, the team must indicate how they collect data, record data, and how they use these data for making decision. The set of metrics should include measures of product quality (defects and defect rates), project status and progress (size and effort estimates versus actual), process quality (amount of rework, milestones made and missed).\u00a0The team must develop\u00a0a list of risks as they are the serious threats to the project such as missing schedule, changes to the project etc.. For each risk, the team must provide a description, and likelihood of occurrence (low, medium, high), and an appropriate risk mitigation strategy. Risk management is an important skill that the team must learn. (Note: The most common risk in Capstone is the change in requirements. During the project the client often does that to see how the team react. The team must anticipate these changes and have plan to deal with it).<\/p>\n

Once the client approves the team\u2019s proposal on the new scope, the team can start the project. The first thing to do is revise the software requirements specification (SRS) with the approved scope (Eliminate the unnecessary low priority requirements that the client has agreed or add new requirements that the client has asked the team to include). The Capstone project starts with this new SRS as the base for all project activities. The team must also revise and correct the use case diagrams and narratives that they did previously and fill in all missing details and indicate all preconditions, post-conditions and triggers for each use cases.<\/p>\n

To identify all tasks that must be completed for each phase, the team must decompose the project works into number of tasks and assign them to each member. From these tasks, team member can estimate their efforts (How long will it take to complete them) and incorporate into an overall project schedule. Since not all tasks can be done at the same time, some depend on outputs from others, the team must identify the dependencies among tasks and building an orderly sequence of task execution activities. (Note: This is an iteration exercise, the team should not look for perfection but only need know each task in sufficiently detail enough so that the PM can track and report on their progress).<\/p>\n

The decomposition of works (Work breakdown structure) is often depending on the method that the team use but the team must be realistic about defining these tasks. For example a large task such as “Problem Analysis” or \u201cDesign function\u201d is not realistic as it is not detail enough for estimating or tracking.\u00a0 Breakdown into too small task which may be so fragment is also not so helpful either. The best way is consider a task as something a person can complete within 32 hours (Man-week) is the best way to define a task, as it is easy to track and measure. When working on the overall schedule, the team must also consider tasks related to support activities such as SQA, SCM, Change management as well as including all tasks related to learning new technologies, server administration, new tools etc. These supporting tasks are often forgot or not considered into the overall schedule and that is why many software projects were late, missed schedule as they underestimated.<\/p>\n

When the decomposition is done, the test manager and team members should start to build an initial set of test cases for the software. There must be a minimum of one test case per use case. Many use cases may require multiple test cases. (Note: Test cases should be done at the end of requirement analysis and early design phase to identify any missing or vague requirements. If you cannot test something that means your requirements are not clear or testable. In that case the team should go back and ask the client for validation. All test cases must use a similar template: for each case there must be a test purpose, test data, expected results, and the date the test case was run (and returned the specified results) and name of the team member conducting the test).<\/p>\n

Beside functions that described in the SRS. The team must identify nonfunctional requirements (Quality attributes) such as security, performance, accessibility, ease of use, ease of learning, maintainability, etc.) since the product must satisfy realistic operational constraints (operating system, database, hardware, and software components). The PM must indicate how these nonfunctional requirements can be met and any maintenance support the product need after release to the client (Note: This is a activity that many capstone team failed to achieve. Although the client does not ask for it but the project team must implement it as it is critical to the operation and it will exceed the users\u2019 expectation and give more positive impression for the team).<\/p>\n

When both functional and non-functional (Quality attributed) tasks are done. The team can begin to work on prototype, or screen display that will demonstrate the \u201clook and feel\u201d of the software product such as the main menu display of all functionalities that users will see when logon. The design documentation must show at least several different use cases (other than login\/logout) in full depth. The team must review and justify any design issues or design decisions that are not clear at this time. If needed, the PM must call a meeting with the client to verify the requirements. (Note: This is the first time the client sees the actual demonstration of the team\u2019s work. Prototype is important to verify the operation concepts that the team has. After viewing the prototype, the client often changes some requirements so the team must be prepared and not be disappointed. It is much better to accept changes at the earlier phase than at later phase).<\/p>\n

If there are changes, the team must go back to update the software requirements specification (SRS) with new changes as well as all the affected use cases and documents. (Note: Many Capstone projects failed to do this and often have difficult during testing and maintenance phases later. It is very good practices to update all documents as soon as changes happen. The team must work together to draw a detailed class diagram or entity-relationship diagram. They must show all classes, relationships, attributes. It is possible to use UML notation since it is very popular in most global project. The team can create a data dictionary entries for all attributes in your model. Entries must be detailed, precise and unambiguous. Keep in mind that the concepts and attributes you are working with may have obvious meaning for you but may not for users.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n 3 c\u1ee7a h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone: Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n Capstone, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (PM) ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2162"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2163,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2162\/revisions\/2163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}