{"id":215,"date":"2013-06-17T21:00:02","date_gmt":"2013-06-17T14:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=215"},"modified":"2013-06-17T21:00:02","modified_gmt":"2013-06-17T14:00:02","slug":"khai-niem-chat-luong-dung-san","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=215","title":{"rendered":"Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n”"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng coi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 pha t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi n\u1eeda l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, tu\u1ef3 theo t\u00ednh g\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda, nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea1y sau l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i v\u1eabn tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u00fang.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o cho t\u1edbi khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed k\u0129 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng. C\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin sai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o m\u00e3 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m xong. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 “ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng” nh\u01b0ng KH\u00d4NG ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.”<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tham gia s\u1edbm khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00ean tham gia v\u00e0o trong m\u1ecdi pha ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c “d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” khi t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o trong pha y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1edbi tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o trong pha ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (Hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4, t\u00ednh d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v.v.) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o trong pha thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. T\u1eeb tri th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, k\u1ecbch \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c song song v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” trong m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c song song v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00f4ng ti. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i t\u1edbi 80% v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tham gia mu\u1ed9n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a k\u00e9m m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed tham gia s\u1edbm v\u00e0o trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau c\u00f4ng ti s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng s\u1eb5n” v\u00e0 coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The “built-in quality” concept<\/p>\n

Software developers often consider testing as the last step in the development process to identify and remove defects. According to a software industry report, testing is the most expensive phase of software development and often account for half of a project\u2019s schedule and budget, depending on the criticality of the system. Because there are so many defects to be identified and fixed, many projects often run behind schedules and cost more than planned. Even with the best testing techniques, some defects still escape and get into the final products and it is very expensive to fix them.<\/p>\n

The common practice is for developers to focus their efforts on designing and coding. Testers do not get involved until developers have finished coding. That is too late and that is why software has many defects because there is not enough time to test thoroughly. There is a false belief that testers only test the code and they do not start until the code is done. That is \u201ctesting for quality\u201d but NOT \u201cbuild in quality.\u201d<\/p>\n

The \u201cBuild-in quality\u201d concept requires testers to involve early when the project begins. Testers should involve in all development phases to ensure that quality is \u201cbuilt in\u201d as the team develops software. Testers must participate during the requirements phase to understand customer\u2019s requirements and make sure that they are complete and testable. With the knowledge of the requirements, testers can plan testing strategy and develop test plans accordingly. Testers must involve in the architecture phase to determine the quality attributes of the system (Performance, scalability, usability, and maintainability etc.) and make sure that the software products meet the requirements and business goals. Testers must also involve in the design phase to understand the structure of the software design such as the components of the software, the properties of those components as well as the relationships among them. From this knowledge, testers can design test cases, test scripts as well as make sure the design meet the quality criteria. The \u201cBuild in quality\u201d concept considers testers as an essential part of the development team and works in parallel with developers to make sure quality is \u201cbuilt-in\u201d every step of the development. Only by doing that, testers can help to reduce numbers of defect in the final product and ensure a quality product.<\/p>\n

In this \u201cBuilt in quality\u201d concept, testers are considered experienced and professional team members who work in parallel with developers to make sure that quality is a critical part of the development. In companies that build high quality critical systems, testers are ranked much higher than developers and usually selected from the best developers in the company. The industry report found that by having experienced testers work side by side with developers, these companies can reduce the numbers of defects by 80% and ensure high quality products.<\/p>\n

The concept of having testers participate late in the development process and only test the code for defects is a bad choice that often leads to poor quality products that higher cost. The \u201cBuild in\u201d quality concept of having tester participate early in the development process and work side by side with developers to identify and remove defects early is a good choice and better business sense. However the question remains as how many companies would invest in the \u201cbuild in quality\u201d concept and consider testers as the key factor in software development?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u01b0\u1eddng coi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u1ed7i. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=215"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":217,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/215\/revisions\/217"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}