{"id":2117,"date":"2013-07-05T10:22:39","date_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:22:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2117"},"modified":"2013-07-05T10:22:39","modified_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:22:39","slug":"cai-tien-qui-trinh-phan-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2117","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n 2"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n \u0111i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. Sau khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd vi\u1ebft ra m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft ra v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i, t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v.v. R\u1ed3i t\u00f4i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

Sau v\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 \u201cTri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng\u201d. T\u00f4i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd: \u201cH\u1ecd thu nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? Sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?\u201d N\u1ebfu sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn? Cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng l\u00ed do ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf qua c\u00e1c pha v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v. T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n. \u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u1ecbch, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ed1t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Khi s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v.v. l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p. Khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 l\u1ed7i, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda ch\u00fang. S\u1ebd t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i sau khi \u0111\u01b0a ra cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n, th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o k\u0129 thu\u1eadt trong \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00eam v\u1ec1 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0a th\u00edch “\u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0\u1edbc, h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian” th\u00e0nh ai \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u1edbn v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u qui tr\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y. T\u00f4i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho h\u1ecd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap cho c\u00f4ng \u0111i qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 CMMI nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean. V\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian, th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng hay \u0111\u00f4i khi v\u00e0i n\u0103m, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd l\u00e0 “t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng” cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111i theo. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ra kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

L\u00ed do l\u00e0 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1 lu\u1eadt hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00f4ng ti l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra qui t\u1eafc m\u1edbi cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, l\u1eadp k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi l\u1eadp k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt cho ai \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecf qua thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch x\u1eed tr\u00ed v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c thay v\u00ec tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n theo v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pha ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xong. Trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd v\u1eabn l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng ti mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ngh\u0129 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf tr\u00ean qui t\u1eafc, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m sai, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00f9ng k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 l\u1eadp k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1eaft khe n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ebd s\u1ee3 h\u1ecd. C\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ee3 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch hay th\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. V\u1edbi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ee7, m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 t\u00f4i quay l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c CMMI v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd g\u00ec cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 “th\u1ef1c” nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i 20% m\u1ed7i n\u0103m, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u l\u00ean 50% trong hai n\u0103m v.v. C\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u00f4m nay l\u1ed7i trung b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 20 l\u1ed7i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i trung b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m \u0111i trong n\u0103m nay \u0111\u1ebfn 20%, m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m. \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n hay v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam, c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean mu\u1ed1n. V\u1edbi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00fang, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. S\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd l\u00e0m b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 “k\u1ebb l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng” ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mu\u1ed1n quan s\u00e1t l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cao b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea1nh trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ec5. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 v\u1edbi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u00fang, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c x\u1ea3y ra, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi th\u00f3i quen x\u1ea5u. R\u1ed3i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn lao. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Process Improvement part 2<\/p>\n

To improve, company must have a clear vision to communicate to every employees about the direction that owners want to go. Without it, everybody may be confused and may decide to go into different directions. After having owners completed their vision. I asked them to write down their business goals. Most wrote down reduce defects, increase profits, make more money, have more customers, expand business globally etc. Then I asked them on what would allow them to achieve these goals. Of course, the typical answer was having quality products and services since quality was what they had in mind. My next question was what do they need to build quality product?<\/p>\n

After several discussions among the group, the final conclusion was \u201cKnowledge and skills\u201d. I asked them: \u201cWhere do they acquire these things? Do university graduates have these skills? Does university taught improvement skills?\u201d If graduates already had these skills then why company did not have quality products and had to improve? So we got down to the main reason of bad habit such as developers not following a defined process. The bad habit of skipping phases and jumped into coding. The bad habit of managers set up schedule without estimations etc. I explained to them that when a project does not have a process that it will use, developers will do whatever they like. In the end, they will spend more time in correcting defects and no time to improve the software. When the project seems to slip schedule, everybody panic. Developers will focus on their own personal works to make sure that if something happens, it is not their fault. When team members are not working together and withdraw from interactions with each others, project coordination will fail. When thing get worst, people will skip things such as testing, integrating etc. resulting in low quality product. When customers complain about defects, company have to fix them. It will cost more to fix defects after release to customer. The consequences are higher costs, longer time, customers angry, developers frustrate, managers panic, and owners lose money.<\/p>\n

There are evidences that companies that focus on process have achieved customers satisfaction, meeting schedule, higher quality and more profits. If developers only receive technical training in college then they will need additional trainings in the discipline of following a process. They must understand the benefits of process so process training is important. However, to change bad habits, training must start with management first. If managers change their habit, everything will change because developers will follow their direction. Of course, changing the habit of people who prefer \u201cmeet schedule first, focus on quality when they have time\u201d into someone who know how to plan, how to estimate, how to negotiate is difficult but every trainings must start with management.<\/p>\n

This seemed to be a big surprised to many owners. Many consultants often focused on the training of developers about how to document the process so there were several questions and discussions about this approach. I explained to them that having documented process will only help company to pass the CMMI appraisal but not change employees\u2019 bad habits. Since documentation activities take time, often several months or sometime years, in that case, consultants can make more money. To make real improvement happens, management must make the right decision by setting themselves as \u201cmodels\u201d for developers to follow. If they do not change their bad habits, nothing will change and in this situation, this will make the difference between success and failure.<\/p>\n

The reason is during improvement activities, management must discipline people who break rules or who refuse to follow the process. It is important for the company to set new rules for process improvement and it must start with management. Of course, properly disciplining is easier said than done, and it is a sensitive issue. If managers do not follow the process, they may have difficult time discipline someone who do the same. For example, if a developer skips design and jump to coding, manager must make a decision on how to deal with this situation. What happen if manager also sets schedule based on intuition rather than follow the estimate process? Developer could argue that since the schedule is not well estimated and too short, he does not have time to follow the development life cycle. He must skip some phases just to get his work done. In many software companies, developers often think that they can break rules and do whatever they want as long as they get their work done. This bad habit must be changed if company wants to improve. If a manager fails to follow a process, other team members will notice it, and they will become resentful. If they feel that managers do not change, they will think they can do the same. This can weaken the ability of a company to improve.<\/p>\n

To start process improvement, the owner must set direction clearly. No one should be above the rules, not even the managers. If they do wrong, they should get the same discipline that is given to developers. This creates a fair environment where everyone feels equal. Of course, how owners discipline employees is important. They do not want to be too harsh if it is not necessary. If they do this, employees will fear them. Improvement should not be something that they fear but something that they need.<\/p>\n

In my own opinion, the\u00a0most important in process improvement is incentives or reward for achieving the goal. Given sufficient incentives, every employees would work hard to make thing happens. They will allocate their time, their efforts to help managers to succeed. This is where I returned to the setting the business goals of improvement. The worst goal is to achieve a CMMI level since it does not mean anything to anybody. The real goal must be something measurable and \u201cReal\u201d such as reduce defects by 20% each year, improve number of project that meet schedule by 50% in two years etc.. Something simple that people can understand. For example, today the average defect is 20 defects per thousand lines of code and if the average defect rate decreases this year by 20%, every employees could have a bonus at the end of the year. The incentive bonus could be monetary or few extra vacation days, something that employees want. With the right incentive, thing will change. There will be pressure among employees to reduce the number of defects, developers will monitor team members to make sure that everybody will follow the process and test their code carefully. If managers require more reviews to identify and fix defects, developers would carefully review what they do because nobody would want to be the \u201cSpoiler\u201d who prevent people from getting the incentive. This is where changing bad habits take place as developers would watch each other and remind them about following the process.<\/p>\n

For the owners who really want to improve their business, they need to consider improvement as something with high priority because it is a business decision not technical decision. To improve, every person in the company must be held accountable for completing their tasks. Company owners must be strong in the messages that improvement tasks are important and must not be delayed. Only with the importance and urgency direction from the top of the company and the right incentive, people will work hard to change their bad habits. When these things happen, improvement will happen. To make real improvement happens, the owners and managers must recognize that their first task is to change themselves from bad habits. Then it can lead to substantive change. Otherwise the software improvement work will not get done.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng ti ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec5n ki\u1ebfn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 mu\u1ed1n … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tang-truong-nang-luc-to-chuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2117"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2118,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2117\/revisions\/2118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}