{"id":2094,"date":"2013-07-05T10:10:36","date_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:10:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2094"},"modified":"2013-07-05T10:10:36","modified_gmt":"2013-07-05T03:10:36","slug":"van-de-voi-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=2094","title":{"rendered":"V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y?”<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e1p: Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hi\u1ebfm khi cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, chung chung cao, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. V\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t bao nhi\u00eau l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tu\u00e2n theo. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb th\u00fac \u00e9p trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 pha, v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho m\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ee7 cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i trong s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay kh\u00f4ng cho t\u1edbi khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n hay ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m s\u1eadp. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi r\u1ed3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00ednh n\u0103ng m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u hay ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c \u00e9p h\u01a1n l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng, sinh vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00ec l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 gian l\u1eadn. Sinh vi\u00ean gi\u1ecfi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ca ng\u1ee3i cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 “anh h\u00f9ng”. Trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 “anh h\u00f9ng” cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1i g\u00ec, h\u1ecd tin t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5, thi\u1ebfu c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i “gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh” nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Khi ho\u00e1 ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea3y ra. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1eeb h\u1ecd, hay c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh sai s\u00f3t, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 thu l\u1ea5y, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m tra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 50% c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng m\u1ec1m r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t m\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00e1ch chia y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1edbn th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau. Sinh vi\u00ean n\u00ean h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i khi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u1ea1i, thay \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed s\u1edbm, t\u00e1i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed sau khi s\u1eeda hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. M\u1ed9t khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, sinh vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. N\u1ebfu thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ch\u00fang n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Problem with Software<\/p>\n

A student asked me: \u201cWhy there are so many problems in software industry? What can students learn to avoid these problems?”<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Answer: In school, professors always give students clear, well-defined requirements for their assigned works. Students have enough time to complete the work. However, in the industry, most customers rarely give developers good requirements. Most\u00a0requirements are unclear, incomplete, highly general, not enough details and sometime not testable. Customers often give project team an unrealistic schedule to complete the work. Since customers do not know how long it will take to complete the project so they just guest an arbitrary date. Many project managers do not know how to negotiate with customers for better and more accurate schedule. Many managers also do not know how to estimate the time needed for the project, they just take customer\u2019s schedule and ask developers to follow. If a lot of works are being pushed into a very short time, problems are inevitable. In order to meet the unrealistic schedule, developers skip some phases, hurry to get the code done, and often do not test enough so there are many defects left in the software product. No one know whether the software is good or not until customers complain or software crash. Throughout the software development, customers often change their minds, they think of new things then request new features to be added after the project already started. Project managers do not want to make customers unhappy so they just ask developers to do more without any adjustment in schedule or assignment. That put more pressure on developers, many have to work longer hours, often not getting paid, just to get their works done. In that case, defects are inevitable.<\/p>\n

In school, students often work in isolation since teamwork is considered cheating. Good students receive good grade and often being praised by professors so they feel like \u201cheroes\u201d. In the industry, developers work in team and often have to share information to get their works done. However, some developers still want to be \u201cheroes\u201d so they do not share anything, they believe they can succeed by themselves. The lack of teamwork, lack of collaboration, and lack of information, force developers to \u201cassume\u201d certain things. When it turn out that their assumptions are not correct, problems happen. If developers do not know what is needed and what is expected from them, or have erroneous assumptions, problems can be expected.<\/p>\n

To solve these problems, students must learn more about requirements engineering to obtain better requirements. They must follow a process to solicit, analyze and verify requirements. If they can get a clear, complete, detailed, and testable requirements then the project is at least have more than 50% chance of success. If not students must learn how to negotiate with customers on schedule and efforts, this is a very good soft skill that students need to learn. Students must learn more about project management, especially how to plan, how to breakdown a large requirements into smaller tasks and estimate the time needed to complete those. Students must learn how to work in team. They should communicate often with each others. Students should learn more about review, inspections to reduce defects when appropriate.<\/p>\n

Having a realistic schedules is very important as it allow adequate time for design, testing, defects fixing, re-testing, changes, and documentation. Students must learn how to plan testing by start testing early on, re-test after fixes or changes, plan for adequate time for testing and defect fixing. Once the project started, students must learn to avoid changes, if possible. By prepare to defend against excessive changes and additions after the project started will avoid many problems. If changes are necessary, they should be adequately reflected in schedule changes. If possible, work closely with customers to manage expectations.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Sinh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i g\u00ec … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2094","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2094"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2094\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2095,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2094\/revisions\/2095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2094"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2094"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}