{"id":1971,"date":"2013-07-04T13:07:03","date_gmt":"2013-07-04T06:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1971"},"modified":"2013-07-04T13:07:03","modified_gmt":"2013-07-04T06:07:03","slug":"lich-su-tom-tat-ve-phat-trien-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1971","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi qu\u00e3ng 70 n\u0103m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f2n ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 50 n\u0103m. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u01b0a h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u00e3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d hay \u201cc\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i theo s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d coi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eebng vi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch (m\u00e3) \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean nhau cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 coi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do” v\u00ec t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y t\u1edbi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, th\u1eddi k\u00ec m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. N\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

“C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i” hay “c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i theo qui tr\u00ecnh” xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. C\u00e1ch n\u00e0y coi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 t\u1eadp c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t qui tr\u00ecnh n\u01a1i t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111o. N\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 “d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do”. N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qui t\u1eafc nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 “qui tr\u00ecnh”, nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00f3 qua b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 “V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m”.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ng\u00e0y nay ho\u1eb7c tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c “c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n” hay “hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tu\u1ef3 theo gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 t\u1edbi 1990, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00ec h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u201cC\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d sang \u201cC\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 M\u0129 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00fang c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh Ada v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 chung nh\u01b0 DOD-STD-2167.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Vi\u1ec7n K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Software Engineering Institute (SEI) t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Carnegie Mellon v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong to\u00e0n n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u0129. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c cho ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh qui tr\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u1edf M\u0129 r\u1ed3i \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp, c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo \u201cC\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cC\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d. Nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y coi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo “qui tr\u00ecnh” ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Nh\u00f3m kia coi kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tranh c\u00e3i v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho t\u1edbi khi c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng qui tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed chi ph\u00ed, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f4ng ti b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn “C\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y “C\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n” cho n\u00ean sinh vi\u00ean b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n. H\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m (d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0ng khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo “qui tr\u00ecnh”\u00a0 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i b\u1edfi “quan li\u00eau kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft” trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn l\u00e1i theo qui tr\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t k\u00ec qui tr\u00ecnh “n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1” n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 CMMI hay ISO 9000. M\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1o ra qui tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb9 c\u00e2n thay th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean “qui tr\u00ecnh agile\u201d (mau l\u1eb9).<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n qui tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 k\u1ec9 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n theo qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em t\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 L\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, Scrum, Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m th\u00edch \u1ee9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai qui tr\u00ecnh (c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch mau l\u1eb9 Agile) nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean quay l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a d\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do, l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u1ea1n th\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A brief history of software development<\/p>\n

History of modern computer technology is very short, it is only about 70 years. History of software is shorter, it is about 50 years. Most software development methods do not fully take shape until 1970s. Basically, there are two ways to develop software:<\/p>\n

The \u201cClassical way\u201d or the \u201cProduct-driven way\u201d considers develop software is a building activity with each brick (Code) putting on top of each other until they become the software product. It considers that anyone with programming skills can build software and that activities leading to a software product are \u201cfree form\u201d as each programmer know what he is doing. This view came from the early days of computer, a time in which software was still a mystery that depended on programmers to code software. It relies on the individual techniques and knowledge that is in his head and not documented.<\/p>\n

The \u201cModern way\u201d or the \u201cProcess-driven way\u201d appeared in the late 1970s is based on the manufacturing area which focus on the way software is built to determines the product\u2019s quality. This way considers software as a set of small tasks that follow a process where each can be controlled and measured. It discards the concept that software development is a \u201cfree-form\u201d. It insists that it is a discipline that is best done under strict rules in which relationships between tasks are well defined explicitly. These relationships, also known as \u201cprocess\u201d, identify the tasks needed to produce a software product and guide it through a roadmap called \u201cSoftware development life cycle\u201d.<\/p>\n

Most software projects today either follow the \u201cClassical\u201d or the \u201cModern\u201d way depends on the education and training of developers. Between 1970s to 1990s, the software industry focused mostly on the classical way since most software at that time were relatively small and more simple. However the quality of those software was not very good with many defects. The shift from \u201cClassical way\u201d to \u201cModern way\u201d began in the late 1980s when the US government\u2019s wanted to improve the quality of software in military embedded systems by demanded that all software works for government must follow strict quality standards. This was manifested with the Ada programming language and its frameworks for common methods and tools such as DOD-STD-2167.<\/p>\n

The establishment of the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) at CarnegieMellonUniversity in late 1980s is the attempt to improve quality of software throughout the U.S. The development and application of the Capability Maturity Model for Software (CMM) and several process models appeared later have changed the way people develop software in the U.S and then to other countries.<\/p>\n

During the transition time, there is major disagreement between people who are trained in the \u201cClassical way\u201d and the \u201cModern way\u201d. One group consider following a \u201cprocess\u201d destroys the individual\u2019s creativity. The other consider not following a process is chaotic and out of control. There are many arguments and debates among developers until evidences from industry clearly demonstrated that standardized process can improve projects\u2019 ability to manage cost, schedule, and defects. Even when companies begin to accept the \u201cModern way\u201d, universities are still teaching the \u201cClassical way\u201d so students are confused. They are trained to do whatever they can (Free-form) to build software during their four years in college but when they work in the industry, they are forced to follow a \u201cprocess\u201d in which most do not understand. Many feel uncomfortable by the \u201c unnecessary bureaucracy\u201d in strongly process-driven efforts. This led to a rebellion in the early 2000s against any \u201cheavyweight\u201d processes such as the CMMI or ISO 9000. A group of developers create a light weight alternative process now known as \u201cThe agile processes\u201d.<\/p>\n

The fact is for large and complex project, you do need the discipline process to ensure the quality and control aspects. There are enough evidences to show that following a software development process can bring higher quality and better software product on time, within schedule and cost. However, for smaller project, it is acceptable to have a less restriction ways such as Extreme Programming, Scrum, Adaptive Software Development. It is important to understand the benefits of both processes (Modern ways and Agile way) but it is also important to point out that developers should not return to the old classical way of free-form, do whatever you like to build software.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn, n\u00f3 m\u1edbi qu\u00e3ng 70 n\u0103m. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f2n ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n, … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1971"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1972,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1971\/revisions\/1972"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}