{"id":1960,"date":"2013-07-04T12:02:27","date_gmt":"2013-07-04T05:02:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1960"},"modified":"2013-07-04T12:02:27","modified_gmt":"2013-07-04T05:02:27","slug":"qui-trinh-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1960","title":{"rendered":"Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Khi h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 C, C++, Java v.v. v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. Th\u1ef1c ra, l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra.<\/span><\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u b\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n v.v. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m qui tr\u00ecnh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m: Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3), T\u00edch h\u1ee3p & ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed, v\u00e0 B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u: \u0110i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. T\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean then ch\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 “nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c” c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean l\u00e0 coi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m tra c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c ra, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u do kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u xung \u0111\u1ed9t hay thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb “nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c” c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Nhi\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n” ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 “nhu c\u1ea7u” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu qui tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang, ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u01a1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. N\u1ebfu y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 v\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu nhanh theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t “b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu” \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng “b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu” n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chi ti\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh “y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c”. Qui tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t khi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 sang c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang pha ti\u1ebfp. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: T\u1ed5\u00a0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u00e0 cao.)<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf: Trong qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh “c\u00e1ch” h\u1ecd s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng qui tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf tr\u1ea3i qua v\u00e0i b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u1ee9c cao (ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac) t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft). T\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u hay c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng, c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n giao di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0Qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “l\u00e0m m\u1ecbn d\u1ea7n” (t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t) v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao t\u1ea1i t\u1ea7ng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n \u1edf c\u00e2u l\u1ec7nh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Khi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: T\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed5i qui m\u00f4, t\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v.v \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n trong qui tr\u00ecnh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf)<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (vi\u1ebft m\u00e3): Trong qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a qui tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. T\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 \u0111un n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng theo chu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3. Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t (ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi trao ch\u00fang cho qui tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfp. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: Qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang. Vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf chi ti\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ebft m\u00e3.)<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p & ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed: Trong qui tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m tra r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 mong \u0111\u1ee3i. V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 \u0111un \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00f4 \u0111un c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p khi m\u1ecdi m\u00f4 \u0111un ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed t\u00edch h\u1ee3p, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed an ninh v.v. (L\u01b0u \u00fd: V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed n\u00e0y. M\u1ecdi ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.)<\/p>\n

Sau khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u1ea3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng khi trong qui tr\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

Qui tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec: Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong b\u1ea3o\u00a0 tr\u00ec, t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3), th\u00eam ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u1edbi, thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho n\u1ec1n m\u1edbi, hay th\u00edch nghi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean tin r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec3n giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i xong, nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 qua th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. B\u1ea3o tr\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 qui tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t trong v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0y, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u00ec m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed5i, gia t\u0103ng hay xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c tu\u1ef3 theo ki\u1ec3u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1ea1n \u0111ang d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software process<\/p>\n

A common mistake among students about software is that software development is just programming. When they think of programming, they think of language such as C, C++, Java etc. and as long as they can code in those languages, they can do software. In fact, programming is only a small part of the software development process. There are many things that must be done before programming can take place.<\/p>\n

The process of software development consists of many steps. The sum of all steps is called the software development life cycle. There are several software life cycle models such as the waterfall model, the spiral model, the incremental release model etc. However, all of them consists of five basic processes that make up the software life cycle: Requirements, Design, Implement, (Code), , Integration & Test, and Maintenance.<\/p>\n

Requirements process: Typically, project team receives a requirements specification from customer. The team reviews, analyzes these requirements then meet with customers to discuss and validate these requirements. Project manager and some key members must use certain techniques to assess the \u201creal needs\u201d of customers. It is a common mistake among students that requirements specification is good enough to start the project so they do not learn to analyze and verify these requirements. In fact, most requirements specification are not well- written by customers. Most have many conflicting or missing requirements and do not represent \u201cthe real needs\u201d of customers. Many requirements are only \u201cWishes\u201d not \u201cNeeds\u201d and some even have imposed solutions for developers. That is why the project team must analyze, review and validate them with customers before the project can start. If the requirements process is not done properly, the final software may not be useful to customers or meet their needs.<\/p>\n

The requirements specification written by customer usually reflects the view of users. The project team must analyze and understand users\u2019 need, how it will be used, and transforms them into the developers\u2019 view where they can implement. If the requirements are not well defined as customer may not know what they really want. The project team may have to use technique such as rapid prototyping in which a simple \u201cprototype\u201d is built that mimic the functionality of the desired final software. By using this \u201cprototype\u201d as a demonstration to customer, the project team can discuss with customers in details to understand how the final product will be used and determine the \u201creal requirements\u201d. The requirements process is completed when the software requirements specification is completely transformed into the developers\u2019 view so the project team can move to the next phase. (Note: The more efforts that project team puts in this process, the less likely requirements will change and the chance the software project will achieve customers\u2019 satisfaction is high.)<\/p>\n

Design process: In this process, the project team decides \u201cHow\u201d they will build the software product so that it meets the approved requirements specifications. Usually the design process goes through several steps from high level (Architecture) to lower levels (Detailed design). At the architecture level, requirements are organized into different types or views.\u00a0A view is a representation of a set of system components and relationships among them. This is where the hardware components, software components and interface components are identified and organize on how they will be implemented.\u00a0This process is called \u201cstepwise refinement\u201d (Step by step) as it allows the project team to manage the complexity of software. Starting at the high level at component layers, project team can decompose the function into more detailed specific tasks at the programming language\u00a0 statement. When the design is complete, it is recorded in the design specification document. (Note: The more efforts the project team put in this process, the higher quality and better structure the final product will become. Certain quality attributes such as performance, scalability, maintainability etc are identified during the design process)<\/p>\n

Implementation process (Coding): During this process, the project team begin to write code of the software based on the design components. The software is divided into separate units called modules in order to handle the complexity of the programming process. The teams must implement these modules according to a coding standard and procedures. Team members are also responsible for proper documentation describing their code and for testing the code to insure correctness.<\/p>\n

Team members must test their own works to make sure they work well (Unit test) before handing them to the next process.<\/p>\n

(Note: This process is not required a lot of efforts if the previous processes are done properly. Coding is usually just an implementation of the detailed design. If the design is well done, project should never have problem with coding)<\/p>\n

Integration & Test process: During this process, project team validate and verify that the software meets the requirements and work as expected. Since the modules were developed separately, testing is very important to make sure that they all work together as planned. Even with a good design, incompatibilities between modules may happen and they need to be identified and corrected to complete the integration as all individual modules are combined to form the integrated software product. There are number of tests that must be executed such as Function test, System test, Integration test, Performance test, Security test etc. (Note: For small project, the project team conducts all these tests. For larger project, there is often an independent test team will conduct these tests. All tests must be planned, organized and test cases must be reviewed and approved before testing can be done)<\/p>\n

After all tests completed successfully, the project team deliver the software to the customers. Usually the customers will conduct acceptance testing on the software to determine whether or not it meets the requirements specifications that both sides agreed upon in the requirements process. If the software is accepted, it is installed and used by the customers.<\/p>\n

Maintenance process: Most software products are not static but will change. During maintenance, the project team continues to provide support by fixing defects (If any), add new functionality, change the software to be used in new platforms, or adapt the software to new technologies. Although many students believe that when the project complete and deliver to customers, the team work should be done. In reality, all software products evolve over time to meet the changing needs of the clients. Maintenance is probably the longest process in the development life cycle, it may last several years after the software is delivered to customers.<\/p>\n

If you understand this software development process, you can apply it to any model such as waterfall, incremental or spiral depend on the type of project that you are using.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Khi h\u1ecd … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1960","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an","category-ki-nghe-phan-mem"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1960","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1960"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1960\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1961,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1960\/revisions\/1961"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1960"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1960"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1960"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}