{"id":1919,"date":"2013-07-04T11:30:28","date_gmt":"2013-07-04T04:30:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1919"},"modified":"2013-07-04T11:30:28","modified_gmt":"2013-07-04T04:30:28","slug":"canh-quan-he-thong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1919","title":{"rendered":"C\u1ea3nh quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean “d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p” do Henry Ford t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 chia c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 do gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u00f4 t\u00f4. Henry Ford \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cC\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m xe h\u01a1i l\u00e0 cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t trong to\u00e0n th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong khu v\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t trong khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tri th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng k\u0129 n\u0103ng. Kh\u00f4ng may l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ti CNTT v\u1eabn \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 khi h\u1ecd \u1edf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20. H\u1ecd ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ea1ng, m\u00e1y ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, m\u00e1y t\u00ednh b\u00e0n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. R\u1ea5t \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb chia th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u00e1 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, hay ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed nh\u01b0ng \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong khi t\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c chia c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, c\u1ea3nh quan to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t. C\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f5i v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u00e0n l\u00e2m nh\u00ecn ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 coi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh r\u1ed3i h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i hai k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y. Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, sinh vi\u00ean t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Sinh vi\u00ean n\u0103m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i: \u201cT\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang em ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 th\u1ebf trong k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u em c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p?” T\u00f4i b\u1ea3o h\u1ecd: \u201cC\u00e1c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u0129 s\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ra h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ra r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao cho ai \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 v\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0o kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a k\u0129 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, ch\u1ec9 kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 khu r\u1eebng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y. B\u1ea1n mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1eebng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1ea1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ra th\u00ec b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i nhanh nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n cho ph\u00e9p.\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ec3 cho sinh vi\u00ean c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft m\u00e3 gi\u1ecfi h\u01a1n anh ta. Anh ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Anh ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng anh ta kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 n\u00f3. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c anh ta h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n g\u00ec v\u00ec anh ta ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh hay qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Anh ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u: \u201cVi\u1ebft m\u00e3\u201d.<\/p>\n

Trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, anh ta nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y, anh ta k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u00f3. V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ee7a anh ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd cho n\u00ean c\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi. Anh ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1eeda m\u00e3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho n\u00ean anh ta th\u00eam v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3. V\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng cho n\u00ean anh ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u vi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 n\u1eefa. V\u00e0i tu\u1ea7n sau, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Anh ta ph\u1ea3i v\u1ee9t \u0111i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 anh ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 m\u1edbi. Anh ta vi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3. Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd cho n\u00ean anh ta ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i m\u00e3 l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. Anh ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t th\u00eam hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng. Anh ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng anh c\u00f3 l\u1ebd vi\u1ebft t\u1edbi tr\u00ean n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00ecn d\u00f2ng m\u00e3 v\u00e0 anh ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0ng khi anh ta chuy\u1ec3n giao ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n: \u201c\u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n, xin l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i n\u00f3.\u201d Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y anh ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u anh ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n, anh ta mu\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 k\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. H\u1ecd bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1eebng m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c giao di\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf t\u1eebng c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m r\u1ee7i ro. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t c\u00f9ng nhau. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m th\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng khi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t th\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf. M\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ra “quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang” b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o t\u1ed1t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda tri th\u1ee9c cho b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u00f3. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra cho b\u1ea1n b\u1ea3n l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh ch\u00f3ng n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111i nhanh ch\u00f3ng. V\u1eadn may c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

A system perspective<\/p>\n

From early 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century, manufacturing processes based on \u201cassembly line\u201d created by Henry Ford has become the standard. The idea is breaking down complex processes into the smallest and simplest tasks so workers can be trained to do is more efficiency and effective. This task segmentation was essential at that time due to the limitations of the skills of labor workers and the efficiency needed of the car industry. Henry Ford said: \u201cThe only way for a groups of workers to work in complex processes such as building a car is to give each of them only one thing to do and let them focus on doing that as efficiently and quickly as possible.\u201d<\/p>\n

This method also manifests itself into the way people organize things into functions and specialization. It works very well throughout the 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century, especially in manufacturing sectors with manual labor workers. However, it does not work well in technology area with knowledge workers of the 21st<\/sup>\u00a0century. Today, most works requires intensive knowledge, especially technology works. That is why there is a big gap between skilled workers and unskilled workers. Unfortunately many IT companies are still operating like when they are still in the 20th<\/sup>\u00a0century. They divide works into functional groups, each only know one things based on technologies and platforms. For example, networks, servers, databases, desk top, and applications. Very few people know how the entire system works and how it impacts the business. In software development, workers are divided into many functions, each specializes in one such as planning, designing, coding, or testing but few know how the entire software work. That is why many projects failed during integration.<\/p>\n

The problem with task segmentation is that by breaking down the complex processes into individual tasks the overall perspective is lost. Workers only know their own jobs, their own functions. Anything outside them is not their concerns. The root cause can be traced to the education system. Academia professors look at software and consider programming and testing as the main activities then focus program training on these two skills only. For years, graduates from these programs only know one thing well but lose sight of the entire system.<\/p>\n

First year student often asked me: \u201cWhy do we have to study so many things in software engineering where all I need is to write code to get a job in the industry? I told them: \u201cYou are trained to be an software engineer, not a programmer. An engineer build the system, a programmer only build one component of the system. Your career cover the entire software development and much more. Programmers career is limited to coding and testing. You could expand your knowledge broader and deeper and there is no limit to what you can do. Programmer cannot do that and today, there is no reason to pay high wages for someone just to code since you can outsource coding to lower cost countries. No company outsource software engineer, only programmer. You want to see the entire forest, not just a tree. You want to know how the system works and support the business, not how one component functions. Do not limit yourself to one thing, expand your horizon then you can go as far as your potential allows.\u201d<\/p>\n

I often tell students a story about the best programmer in the world. No one can write code better than him. He can write thousand lines of code a day. He knows that there is a system where his software operates but he does not understand it well. It would never occur to him to ask users of what they need since he never talk to users. He has no idea about other functions and other people who also work on the system. He has no idea how the entire system works. He has no concept of configuration management or change management. He only know one thing: \u201cWrite code\u201d.<\/p>\n

In the project, he receives requirements from his manager and within few days, he finishes it. On the next day, his manager says that customers have changed their minds so there is new requirements. He does not mind of fixing his code so he adds few thousand lines of code. Few days later, the manager says that customer wants to add more functions so he starts write few more thousand lines of code again. Few weeks later, the customers change their minds and want to start with a newer and better requirements. He has to throw away what he did and starts everything new. He writes few more thousand lines of code. The customers change their minds again so he has to rewrite the code again. He has to do it at least twenty five times more in just few month. He knows that he probably write over fifty thousand lines of code and he is really confused and tired about all changes. At last, the project complete but when he delivers the software, customers complains: \u201cThat is not what I want, please do it again\u201d. Finally, the best programmer quits his job and goes back to school, this time he understands what he really need, he wants to study software engineering.\u201d<\/p>\n

Today, software developers do not work alone. They always work in team because the software is getting larger and more complex. What developer needs are the knowledge of the entire system, and relationship of all major components and how they all work together to support the goal of the business. They must understand the entire software process, not a piece of it. They must know how to work with customers to identify their needs and to come up with better requirements. They must know how to architect a system by identify all components as well as user interfaces, quality attributes. They must know how to design each components by conducting trade-off and set priorities to reduce the risks. They must know how to implement these components and make sure that they all work well together. They must know how to conduct tests to verify that everything work as designed and meet customers requirement. They must know how to support the customers when the system is fully functioning and running. Basically, they must know everything.<\/p>\n

Today, software workers need a comprehensive training and education. That is why a good college education is so critical. That is why selecting a good school with good training program is so important. Every students must make the \u201cright decision\u201d because your future depends on it. A good teacher can only open the door of knowledge for you but you must enter it. A good training program can show you a roadmap to your destination but you must travel the road by yourself. In this fast changing world, things can come and goes quickly. Fortune can change faster than the weather but knowledge and skills are the only thing you have and no one can take it away.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 20, c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean “d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p” do Henry Ford t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chu\u1ea9n. … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-he-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1919","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1919"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1919\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1920,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1919\/revisions\/1920"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1919"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1919"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}