{"id":1873,"date":"2013-07-04T09:59:59","date_gmt":"2013-07-04T02:59:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1873"},"modified":"2013-07-04T09:59:59","modified_gmt":"2013-07-04T02:59:59","slug":"quan-li-cac-du-an-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1873","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p thay v\u00ec quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tin x\u1ea5u cho n\u00ean h\u1ecd che gi\u1ea5u ch\u00fang m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea5u th\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 tr\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m qua, khi t\u00f4i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf Hewlett Packard (HP), c\u00f4ng ti n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111i t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 qu\u00e3ng hai l\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cQu\u1ea3n l\u00ed b\u1eb1ng \u0111i quanh\u201d t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng ti, \u00f4ng David Packard tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u00f2n ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i m\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi khi t\u00f4i r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi HP \u0111\u1ec3 sang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho GE th\u00ec t\u00f4i m\u1edbi nh\u1eadn ra tr\u00ed hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Packard. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 trong c\u1ea3 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng tu\u00e2n theo th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c g\u1eb7p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, t\u00f4i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t khi tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i cho t\u00f4i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u00edch n\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00ec t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 “v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m” m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n thay v\u00ec k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e0n sang to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Khi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng, h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 phe v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p nhanh ch\u00f3ng; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 leo thang th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u1ed7 “k\u0129 n\u0103ng nghe” c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. K\u0129 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ri\u00eang t\u01b0, kh\u00f4ng \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed5. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafng nghe c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o, t\u00f4i cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt gi\u1eadn d\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh t\u0129nh, s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f4i b\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 “\u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c” c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. L\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng ti \u0111\u1ec1u y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i sai kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh “\u0111i v\u00f2ng quanh” h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tu\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u00eam th\u1ea5m.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n, khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec tham gia, khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec l\u1eafng nghe, khi n\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ef1c m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00ed, khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Managing projects<\/p>\n

Many project managers are busy on trivial things such as company meetings and paper works and often do not monitor project\u2019s progress. They rely more on status reports from subordinates rather than personal observations. This is where \u201csurprises\u201d occur because they do not know what is happening in their project. Many project team members do not want to report bad news so they hide them until they cannot keep them hiding anymore. By that time it is too late to do anything.<\/p>\n

Thirty years ago, when I worked at Hewlett Packard (HP), the company required every manager must personally come to the project and talked to team members about twice a day. The method is called \u201cManagement by walking around\u201d where managers must walk through the workplace at random, to check the ongoing work. The company owner, Mr. David Packard believed that the best way for managers to know about their projects is by randomly reviewing the work on a daily basis. At that time, I was skeptical until I left HP to go to work for GE than I realized the wisdom of Mr. Packard. Since then and throughout my career, I always follow this practice and find valuable information by doing that.<\/p>\n

By randomly meeting with team members on a daily basis, I build good relationship with them. Once trust is built, I get accurate information about the project. Team members can tell me anything that they want without worry about whether I like it or not. It also makes my job as a manager more effective as I can make quick decision based on what I know. If there are \u201csensitive issues\u201d that teams members do not want to discuss at the workplace, they can come to my office to discuss it in private. Most sensitive issues are personal issues rather than technical. By understand it; I can solve it as quickly as possible so it will not spill over to the entire project.<\/p>\n

A personal issue often happens when team members do not agree on something and it gets emotional. It that case, the most important is to identify all the facts to determine the cause of the conflict. When team members disagree, they want others to take side with them and without quick solution; it could escalate to serious problem. This is where the \u201clistening skills\u201d of the manager is important. My techniques are to listen to their arguments in private, not in front of the team. By carefully listen without any comments, I allow them to reduce their anger and calm down. When both sides are calm, it is easier to discuss for a mutual solution. Many project managers do not like to deal with personal conflict. However, sometimes conflict is a good thing. Especially if it opens something that needed to be resolved. It may \u201cwakes up\u201d team members if they are not active enough in project works. Getting information from a conflict discussion can get the team members thinking more about project related issues.<\/p>\n

Every company requires project teams to report project status on a weekly basis. Weekly status reports are document of the project progress and it is helpful for senior managers to track progress if anything goes wrong. However, if you practice the daily \u201cwalk around\u201d and solve problem immediately, at least you do not have much in the weekly report. It also means that the project progresses smoothly.<\/p>\n

It is the project manager\u2019s responsibility to lead. If they fail to manage and help the team get the expected result, they are not doing their job. Project managers must be certain that they know what is needed, when is to engage, when to listen, when to take action, and actively manage everything in the project. In most companies, when a project failed, they fire the project manager, not the engineers.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eadn r\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdp c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1873","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1873"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1874,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1873\/revisions\/1874"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1873"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1873"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1873"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}