{"id":1761,"date":"2013-07-03T17:07:41","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T10:07:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1761"},"modified":"2013-07-03T17:07:41","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T10:07:41","slug":"cong-nghe-thong-tin-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1761","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: \u201cC\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed CNTT l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Em h\u1ecdc k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u?”<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0110\u00e1p: V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00f4ng tin. Ng\u00e0y nay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a internet v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin s\u1eb5n c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ti c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng. CNTT l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu nh\u1eadn, x\u1eed l\u00ed, s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, l\u01b0u gi\u1eef r\u1ed3i ph\u00e1t t\u00e1n th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 \u00edch cho \u0111\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian. CNTT cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00f4ng ti \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3; cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang; k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p; v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed. Do \u0111\u00f3, CNTT l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5; vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 trong gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 hay m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho kinh doanh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n giao k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i trong th\u1eddi gian, ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; v\u1edbi d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng ti. \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ki\u1ec3u v\u00e0 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0 trong t\u1ed5 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng vai tr\u00f2, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n cho t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00f4ng ti v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ti, vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p; trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m. V\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00f3ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh nhu c\u1ea7u cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p (n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n); c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u; \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 theo mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ti. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0n vi\u00ean t\u1ed5, c\u00e1c pha v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, r\u1ee7i ro. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1ea5t khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. B\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Trong khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng; ki\u1ec3m vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; cung c\u1ea5p b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u1ea5p cao v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng; \u0111o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0\u00a0 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 qui tr\u00ecnh; gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed m\u1ecdi r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh to\u00e1n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n theo b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong \u0111\u1ee3i; ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ecdi \u00edch l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi b\u1edfi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eadu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 sau; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn hay b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng hay kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed H\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (ISM). Qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh K\u0129 ngh\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m (SE). V\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ecf trong hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

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—-English version—-<\/p>\n

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Informatio\u200bn technology<\/p>\n

A student asked: \u201cWhat is information technology (IT)? What is the difference between an IT project and a software project? What is the role of an IT project manager? Where do I learn this skill?”<\/p>\n

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Answer: Basically, Information technology (IT) can be defined as using technology to manage information. Today in the global connected world, information can be transferred at the speed of the internet and there is much information available, but not all of them are useful. It is important to select only the useful information that a company can use. IT is the process of obtain, process, filter, storage then disseminate useful information to the right person at the right time. IT provides company significant advantages by automate business processes to speed up efficiency; provide information to the right person; connecting business with customers and suppliers; and improve productivity and reduce costs. Therefore, IT is much broader than just software as it involves both product and service; its role is also more in alignment with the business rather than just develop a software product.<\/p>\n

IT project is a task or an amount of work that has specific objectives that requires time and efforts to complete. A project can deliver a product such as software or provide a service to support the business of the company. To be successful, a project must deliver the results and benefits as expected within the time, budgets and quality. For a software product, it must meet the requirements of the project; for a service, it must provide benefits to the company. To manage IT project effectively, project manager must select a life cycle for the project as well as the method to use according to the type and size of the project. Therefore, project manager must be trained and have experience in managing project. The project manager must decide how the management activities will be achieved, and who will be involved in the project team. The manager must assign roles, responsibilities and authority to each team member at the beginning of the project.<\/p>\n

The role of the project manager varies depending on the company and business. In some companies, the roles are much broader as it involves more business alignment; in other, it may be restricted to the delivery of a product. Basically, IT project manager must ensure that the project is aligned with the business of the company by define and justify the need for the project. The project manager must plan how to deliver the product or service to customers; how to manage relationships with customers, users, suppliers (If needed); how to determine the resource requirements and ensure they can be made available when required. These are activities that should be done before the project starts.<\/p>\n

The IT project manager must plan the project by understand the requirements; estimates time, costs, and resources needed to build the product or provide the service according to the customer\u2018s expectations and company business. The project plan must document estimates, schedule, as well as team members\u2019 assignment, life cycle phases, model, methods, products or services, risks. The plan should be a dynamic document that frequently be updated when thing changes. The project plan must be reviewed and approved by management before the project start.<\/p>\n

During the project, the project manager must monitor activities; check the completion of each activity against the plan and adjust the plan accordingly; provide status report to senior managers and customers; measure the quality and process compliance; monitor and manage all risks to the project.<\/p>\n

At the end of the project, project manager should evaluate the outcome of the project against the project plan and expected outcomes; review any benefits achieved by the project; conduct a post project review to measure the benefits as well as any lessons learned during the project for further use; determine the need for any improvements or maintenance and ensure that the project is delivered to users or customers accordingly.<\/p>\n

IT project manager is the skill often taught in Information System management program (ISM). Software project management is the skill often taught in Software Engineering program (SE). Overall, there is not much difference between these two, although in details there are some minor differences in these two approaches.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi: \u201cC\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin (CNTT) l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t g\u00ec gi\u1eefa d\u1ef1 \u00e1n CNTT v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m? Vai tr\u00f2 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1761","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-cong-nghe-thong-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1761","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1761"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1761\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1763,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1761\/revisions\/1763"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1761"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1761"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1761"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}