{"id":1631,"date":"2013-07-03T15:00:52","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T08:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1631"},"modified":"2013-07-03T15:00:52","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T08:00:52","slug":"ki-nang-quan-li-du-an-phan-mem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1631","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi gian, trong ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhu c\u1ea7u doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng g\u00f3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n g\u00ec. Kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0 nghe t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng k\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (nh\u01b0, chuy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng v.v.). K\u0129 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1ea3n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang v.v.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u00ec kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed cao, tr\u1ec5 l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ebd th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u00ean sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng: \u201cCh\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n \u00f4ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ec5 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1edbi l\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra sau; ho\u1eb7c cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n xo\u00e1 b\u1edbt y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ngay. \u00d4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?\u201d C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9 tr\u1eeb v\u00ec h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n, h\u1ecd b\u1ecf c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 ba ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 k\u0129 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ebd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e1m theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch khi n\u00f3 sai; v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang khi c\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5 hay t\u1eebng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong t\u1ed5, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m thi\u1ebfu kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u1ed3i ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111em t\u1ed5 t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 tham gia v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft v\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n; h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n s\u1edbm, ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m t\u00ecm v\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng t\u1ed5 bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, t\u1ed5 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ed5 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00ec th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t sinh vi\u00ean vi\u1ebft cho t\u00f4i: \u201cKhi t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi m\u00ecnh: \u201cSao m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00f4n n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 v\u00ec m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n vi\u1ebft m\u00e3, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.\u201d Say khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m trong ba n\u0103m r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea1t l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. V\u00e0o l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ed9t nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1ea5y trong l\u1edbp. May m\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u00f4i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1edbp c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y, b\u1ed9 slide b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 ra hai tu\u1ea7n \u00f4n t\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 r\u1ed3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u1ecf, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u00f4i ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0i sai l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t. D\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. T\u00f4i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u00f4n l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7y l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m t\u00f4i ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 cho n\u00ean t\u00f4i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd sau v\u00e0i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00f4i bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi sinh vi\u00ean r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ph\u00ed ho\u00e0i c\u1ea3; s\u1edbm hay mu\u1ed9n b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n n\u00f3. H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 gi\u1eef t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n v\u00ec b\u1ea1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ch\u00fang.\u201d<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Software project management skills<\/p>\n

Because technology changes very quickly, software professionals who want to be successful must continually improve their skills. Among them, software project managers need more appropriate trainings because software projects are becoming larger and more complex. The goals of every software project are to deliver the product on time, within budget, meet required functionalities and quality as defined by the customers.<\/p>\n

Software project managers must know how to work with customers to understand their business needs; they must have skills in develop project plan and assigns works packages to team members. They must have communication skills to discuss, explain, and reports status to customers, managers. They must know how to manage daily activities, track progress, monitor performance, and dealing with project risks. There are many things that a software project manager must learn to ensure that the project will be successful.<\/p>\n

The first thing a software project manager must learn is how to deal with customers. There are many types of customers: Some are easy to work with and some are not. Some do not know how to explain requirements well and some who do not even know what they want. Without clearly understand the requirements, it would be impossible to start the project. That is why software project manager must have good communication skills such as active listening and know how to ask questions to get the requirements. There are several techniques to do this such as asking customers to tell a story on how they want to use the system (e.g., User stories, User scenarios etc.). Another technique is to build a prototype and have customers review it and provide feedback to get correct requirements etc.<\/p>\n

The second thing a software manager must learn is to deal with changes. Since customers often request changes, software project manager must know how to handle it appropriately. Inexperienced manager would accept all changes and suffers the consequence of higher cost, delay schedule and poor quality product.<\/p>\n

Experienced software project manager will negotiate the change by give customers additional information on impacts of the change and let them make decision. I often advise students to response: \u201cWe could do that change but we need you to either delay the change until next release; or give us more time, more resources to implement the change. You may need to delete another equivalent requirement so we can focus on the new change. We need your decision soon so we can start right away. Can you give us your decision by the next day?\u201d That simple answer will force customers to think about the impacts and the trade-off since they have to make decision. Most of the time, they abandon the request for change since they do not want to made difficult decision.<\/p>\n

The third thing a software manager must learn is team-building skills, including how to develop a motivated team that will work co-operatively. Having a strong and committed team will give the software project manager the confidence to stick with the plan when the plan is right, change the plan when it is wrong; and be prepared to make correct decisions when necessary. It requires the leadership of the software project manager to guide a team to accomplish the project goals. Without teamwork and cooperation by the team or an individual on the team, a project may not succeed. Inexperienced software project manager often starts the project by working on the plan by himself then assign tasks to team members and monitor the progress of the team. Experienced software project manager always begins with team building by bring the team together to discuss the objectives of the project. When everybody on the team feel comfortable with the objectives then manager can discuss with the team about the best approach for the project. By having team members participate in decision making, the team feels that they are committed to the project; they feel that this is their project, not just the manager\u2019s project. By having the early project discussion, software project manager are looking for several solutions before select the best one. The information being discussed with the team always leads to better decisions and better team assignments.<\/p>\n

Because project planning activities are based on a collective decision, the team feels that they participate in the planning of the project. By allowing team members to voice their opinions, by having them help develop the plan, by having them estimate the works that they must do, the project have a committed teamwork which leads the team in overcoming individual differences and strives for project success.<\/p>\n

Few years ago, a student wrote to me: \u201cWhen I took your software project management class, I asked myself: \u201cWhy do I need to learn this? I probably never use it since I only want to write code, not manage project.\u201d After graduated, I worked as a software developer for three years then got promoted to software project manager. At that time, my attitude changed and I wanted that position. Suddenly I realized that I did not know how to manage project because I did not pay much attention in class. Fortunately, I still have your class materials, all your lecture slides and reading assignments. I spent two weeks reviewed everything then applied to the project. Because it was a small project, even I made some mistakes but they were not critical. The project completed successful. I went back and reviewed your materials again and found that most mistakes that I made were mentioned there so I learned to improve my skills. Now after several successful projects, I know how valuable a college education means to me. I want to say to all students that nothing that you learn is wasteful; sooner or later you will need it. Study hard and keep all your school materials because you never know when you are going to need them.\u201d<\/p>\n

Having the skills to work with customers, dealing with changes and build a strong team are the fundamental skills that every software project manager must have to successfully manage software projects.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m mu\u1ed1n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn k\u0129 n\u0103ng … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-quan-li-du-an"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1631"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1631\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1632,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1631\/revisions\/1632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}