{"id":1627,"date":"2013-07-03T14:38:07","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T07:38:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1627"},"modified":"2013-07-03T14:38:07","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T07:38:07","slug":"mo-hinh-kinh-te","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1627","title":{"rendered":"M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, M\u0129 v\u00e0 Mexico k\u00ed Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do B\u1eafc M\u0129 (NAFTA) \u0111i\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p M\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng sang Mexico \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb 1980 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000, Mexico l\u00e0 \u201ctrung t\u00e2m c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d cho M\u0129 v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f9ng n\u1edf. N\u0103m 2000, Trung Qu\u1ed1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb chuy\u1ec7n kinh doanh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mexico \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn, th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Mexico m\u1ea5t \u0111i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Mexico c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng. V\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang n\u0103ng n\u1ed5 m\u1edf c\u1eeda c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u1edbi h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Ba Lan, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, Hi L\u1ea1p, Hungary, v.v. \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p b\u00e2y gi\u1edd th\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1. B\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e3i m\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ngay c\u1ea3 Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u0169ng s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t danh hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00e2u Phi n\u1ebfu t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nhu c\u1ea7u to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o “m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p” b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1edbi hi v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 “n\u01b0\u1edbc chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n” ti\u1ebfp theo. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd x\u1ea3y ra b\u1edfi v\u00ec Trung Qu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y nay v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng t\u1ec9 trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho qu\u00e3ng 30% s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u1ea3i g\u1eedi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n du h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi Trung \u0110\u00f4ng, ch\u00e2u Phi, Nam M\u0129 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ngh\u00ecn hay h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y danh hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 “khu v\u1ef1c chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p” hay “trung t\u00e2m c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng” c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng. V\u1edbi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i lo ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 “m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m” h\u01a1n l\u00e0 “thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m”. M\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 “m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p” che khu\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea1nh tranh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c, \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n qua m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Thay v\u00ec h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o chi ph\u00ed lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p, n\u00f3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u1eeb 1990, thu nh\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng h\u01a1n ba l\u1ea7n. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c thay v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ed n\u00e3o \u0111em t\u1edbi $100 t\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f4 la n\u0103m 2011 b\u1edfi v\u00ec xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra mi\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u01a1n, th\u00fac m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba.<\/p>\n

V\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kinh doanh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i r\u00f3t v\u00e0o Trung Qu\u1ed1c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m b\u00f9ng n\u1edf t\u1eeb 2000 t\u1edbi 2007 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a M\u0129 n\u0103m 2007\u20132010 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1i khi kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh “chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p” n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u00e0o lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chi ph\u00ed th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean l\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n. H\u1ecd n\u00ean nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u00e0y v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c k\u0129 n\u0103ng cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nano. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i th\u00f4ng qua ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean theo h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sinh l\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y nay, nhi\u1ec1u sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c m\u00f4n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. T\u00ednh ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch. V\u1ec1 trung b\u00ecnh, s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t 4 t\u1edbi 6 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i l\u1edbn. Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch sinh vi\u00ean v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Qua th\u1eddi gian, v\u1edbi 4 t\u1edbi 8 n\u0103m n\u1eefa khi l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0i ngh\u00ecn ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u00e0m kho\u00e1n ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c truy nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1ed1n nh\u01b0ng qua th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0a k\u0129 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c sinh l\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u01a1n v\u00e0i tri\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng sang c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00ec khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean k\u0129 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ea5y \u0111i. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u01b0u th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. B\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t con, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd: Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb. \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (31% d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 d\u01b0\u1edbi 15 tu\u1ed5i). C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m c\u1ef1c k\u00ec t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1edfi c\u1ea5p qu\u1ea3n l\u00ed n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u01a1i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ti Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u00e0i s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 k\u0129 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd ra kh\u1ecfi “d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3” n\u01a1i h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng tr\u00ed n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 “ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m canh t\u00e2n” n\u01a1i h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ebd cho kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

The economic model<\/p>\n

In the late 1980s, the U.S and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that allowed the U.S to move many factories to Mexico to take advantage of the lower labor costs. From 1980s to 2000, Mexico was the \u201cfactory center\u201d for the U.S with million jobs created and its economy were booming. In 2000, China captured that market by offered better deals and incentives, many factories were relocated to China and million Mexicans have lost their jobs, hundreds of factories have closed permanently and within a short time, Mexico’s economic prosperity was gone.<\/p>\n

Mexico may be the first but definitely not the last. As China is aggressively opening its doors to foreign investments with a promise of lower labor costs than any countries, companies are moving their factories and jobs to China. The result is the number of unemployment has risen to the highest level ever in many countries. This has created an alarm across all developing countries. Some countries such as Poland, Portugal, Spain, Greek, Hungary, etc. that have enjoyed positions as low cost countries are now find themselves competing directly with China and they know that they could not win. Some politicians began to blame their problems on globalization. Anyone who studies globalization should know that no country can remain the world’s low-cost country forever. Even China will lose that title to another lower cost country in the future. Many people predict that it will be African countries if the political situation there is stabled enough.<\/p>\n

There is another approach, instead of trying to focus on the low cost; it is possible to focus on creating jobs of higher value that meet the current global demands. However, many countries are still focusing on the \u201cLow cost model\u201d by trying to compete with China with the hope that they will be the next \u201clower cost country\u201d. That may never happen because China has billion people that need jobs. Even today with billion in foreign investments, thousands of foreign owned factories, it only provides jobs to about 30% of people. Even with all efforts of government, China cannot provide jobs to all of its citizens. That is why China has to send many people oversea to find jobs. If you travel to the Middle East, Africa, South America you will find hundred thousand or more Chinese labor workers working there. The idea of compete with China to assume the title of \u201cLow cost area\u201d or \u201cfactory center\u201d of the world is an illusion. With globalization, countries should worry about \u201cjobs lost\u201d rather than \u201cjob gain\u201d. Dreaming about \u201clow cost model\u201d obscures the fact that in a very near future, many countries will face the challenges by competitors outside of their borders.<\/p>\n

Unlike other developing countries, India has grown more prosperous through another economic model. Instead of focus on lower labor cost, it focuses on raising the skills of its citizen. Since 1990, its average household income has been increasing more than three times. India has over billion people like China but it does not have many factories like China instead it invested in something that no one can take away: The power of its citizen\u2019s knowledge. The brain power that brings in $100 billion dollars in 2011 because of its information technology export that creates several million high paying jobs. India also receives more foreign investment to its high tech industry than any country in the world. These investments have generated a wide range of benefits for India\u2019s economy by creating more jobs, boosting competition and productivity, lowering prices, and improve internal market.<\/p>\n

Low-labor cost manufacturing operations are sensitive to changes in the global business. Global companies always adjust production volumes abroad when market changes. Foreign investment poured into China during the boom years of 2000 to 2007 but then dropped with the US financial crisis of 2007\u20132010 led to many factories closure and millions of people lost their jobs. Although it starts to grow again as global economy picked up but it could be a lesson for countries that still want to follow this \u201clow-cost\u201d model.<\/p>\n

Rather than try to focus on low cost labor, countries should take essential steps to further their economic development by transition to higher-value skills. They should identify these advantages and push forward with reforms that create more competition, entrepreneurship, and higher paying jobs. The transition into higher skills could come from new technology industries such as information technology, biotechnology, or nanotechnology. To do that, education reform must be a priority. Government must pass policies to encourage students to study these emerging lucrative areas. Today, many college students are taking courses without any clear direction. This randomness should not be encouraged. On the average, it will take 4 to 6 years to build a foundational base for skilled workforce in these areas but when it happen, it can attract significant foreign investments. The succeed of these areas in turn; motivate the next wave of students to enter into these areas. Overtime, within 4 to 8 more years when a workforce of several thousand skilled workers can be established, higher paying jobs will be created and the economy will thrive.<\/p>\n

As the case study of India, companies start out in the simple, low labor software outsourcing to get access to capital but over time move up their skills to compete in profitable areas, such as service management, product design, and the manufacture of sophisticated software applications. Today India\u2019s software industry is the largest in the world with more than several million workers and begins to influence other areas as one industry sector accelerate another, The best is these industry sectors are based on its citizen\u2019s intellectual skills which cannot be taken away. It continues to develop India\u2019s economy into the road to prosperity.<\/p>\n

India has another advantage over China. Because the one-child policy, China population resembles of what many western countries are facing now: Many old people and few younger people. India, by contrast has a very young population which can work for many years to build its economy (31% of population under 15). Its businesses are doing extremely well, and much stronger than China’s. Indian businesses, led by English-speaking management are already capturing large global markets where most companies in China are still relying on domestic market and government support.<\/p>\n

India has the most talented base of technology workers in the world. Currently there are several initiatives and educational improvements to massively train more skilled workers. The plan is to take them out of the \u201cSupport services\u201d where they use their minds to develop things for overseas clients to the \u201cDevelop innovation products\u201d where they will develop new technology products to be sold globally. This is just one of many advantages that will give India’s economy the sustained growth it needs to be a new leader in this century.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, M\u0129 v\u00e0 Mexico k\u00ed Tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do B\u1eafc M\u0129 (NAFTA) \u0111i\u1ec1u cho ph\u00e9p M\u0129 chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1627","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-xu-huong-toan-cau"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1627","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1627"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1627\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1629,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1627\/revisions\/1629"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1627"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1627"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1627"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}