{"id":1613,"date":"2013-07-03T10:12:51","date_gmt":"2013-07-03T03:12:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1613"},"modified":"2013-07-03T10:12:51","modified_gmt":"2013-07-03T03:12:51","slug":"ki-thuat-hoc-tich-cuc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/?p=1613","title":{"rendered":"K\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m ph\u00fat. Do \u0111\u00f3 ki\u1ec3u d\u1ea1y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00ec gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi cho c\u1ea3 t\u1ed5. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc sinh trong t\u1ed5 \u0111ang suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu b\u1ea5t k\u00ec h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0o trong nh\u00f3m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n trong h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp x\u1ea3y ra khi h\u1ecdc sinh tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc t\u1edbi trung h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n sang t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3. H\u1ecdc sinh s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1eadm v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng k\u0129 thu\u1eadt \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi 5W v\u00e0 1H: Who – Ai, What- C\u00e1i g\u00ec, Where- \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u, When- Khi n\u00e0o, Why- T\u1ea1i sao v\u00e0 How- Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u1ed1n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi W \u0111\u1ea7u (Who, What, When, Where) s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng theo s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cWhy – t\u1ea1i sao\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cHow – th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u201d y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u01b0 duy m\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc sinh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0m sao h\u1ecd \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o h\u1ecd d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, h\u1ecdc sinh c\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129. Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra xem li\u1ec7u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 cho h\u1ecdc sinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao. N\u1ebfu c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc sinh do thi\u1ebfu tri th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u00e0 h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t k\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i th\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u1edbp th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho h\u1ecdc sinh phi\u00ean h\u1ecfi-tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1edbp, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi hay \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u m\u00e0 s\u1ebd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn chung th\u00eam gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh. Trong th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1edbp, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi t\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean l\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o bu\u1ed5i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp. Cho d\u00f9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean c\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

K\u0129 thu\u1eadt h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u0169ng th\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a tu\u1ea7n. T\u1eebng h\u1ecdc sinh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc \u1edf nh\u00e0. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau, c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00f3m l\u1ea1i theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ec1 sau nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc sinh n\u00e0y ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qua th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho h\u1ecdc sinh kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 cho h\u1ecd d\u1ea1y l\u1eabn nhau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

—-English version—-<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Active learning techniques<\/p>\n

Today, college students are very active. Many cannot even keep their attention on a subject for more than fifteen minutes. Therefore the lecture type of teaching is no longer suitable and should be combined with some active learning activities. For example, rather than just giving lecture, teachers must ask questions for students to answer. However, if the teacher asks a question and one student answers, that student has an active learning experience but the teacher does not know about others whether they are actively learning or not?<\/p>\n

If teachers ask students to work as teams to discuss a subject or solve a problem then teacher can ask questions to the team. In that case it is highly probable that more than one student in the team is actively thinking and learning. And if any student in the group can be called upon to answer or explain the team\u2019s solution then more members are attending to the group’s interaction and learning. Having student engage in teamwork is a better solution in active learning.<\/p>\n

Learning happens when students are actively engaged with the course material. However for many years, from elementary to high school, students are taught to be passive and follow the teacher\u2019s lead but now they must transitioning to be more active is very difficult. Students will not succeed if they are not prepared and understand the material before these activities begin. Teachers should start slow and allow students to get familiar with this new learning method.<\/p>\n

One of my favorite techniques is to employ the 5W and 1H questions: Who, What, Where, When, Why and How. The first 4W (Who, What, When, Where) questions will require factual responses. The \u201cWhy\u201d and \u201cHow\u201d questions requires some higher level thinking. The goal of active learning is not only evaluate the learning results but also to guide students on their learning process. I often ask students to explain how they come up with their answers and what information that they use to determine whether it provide sufficient evidence.<\/p>\n

It is not what type of questions that you ask but also the timing and clarity of questions. To answer, students need time to think. Therefore it is necessary to give them sufficient time before asking other students to respond. If a student is not able to answer, then teacher must check to see if the issue is with the clarity of the question. In that case, teacher could rephrase the question or try to understand which aspect of the question is difficult for the student and why. If the question is too difficult for the student due to lack of prior knowledge, it may be useful to ask more factual questions and help lead the student toward the solution.<\/p>\n

Another active learning technique that I like is to have class discussion, which would allow more exchange of ideas among students. This is in contrast to having teacher to student question-answer session. To initiate a class discussion, I often start a question or make a statement that would require some responses, which could then be used to build further discussions among students. In class discussion, there will be some active students and some passive ones. I often call on each student randomly to lead the discussion. In that case, all students must be actively involved in thinking and learning. Even some students may not get the answer correctly but teacher need to encourage them rather than make them feel uncomfortable.<\/p>\n

Another active teaching technique that I also like is to create a list of topics from that week materials. Each student must select one topic to learn at home. The next day, students are grouped according to the topic that they have selected so they can discuss with each other and have a better understanding of that topic. Later these students are responsible, through class discussion to help other students become as knowledgeable as they are. By having them teaching each others, they all engage in active learning.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecdc sinh \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1613","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-loi-khuyen-cho-giao-vien","category-loi-khuyen-cho-sinh-vien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1613"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1614,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1613\/revisions\/1614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1613"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1613"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-technology.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1613"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}